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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define leadership |
The art of guiding, inspiring and motivating a group of people to achieve a common or shared goal |
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What are the qualities of a good leader |
Self confidence - Giving them belief that they can make good decisions Creative - The Ability of a business's being innovative to stand out from its competitors |
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Define job description |
A list of key task,duties and responsibilities of a job advertised to be filled |
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Explain advantages to an employer using person specification |
1.Deter unsutiable applicants -> It can be an advantage for the employer as they do not need to spend time reading unqualified applicants 2.State the skills and qualities that are essential and are desirable 3.It makes the applicants aware of what type of skills are needed for the job |
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What are the difference between leaders and managers |
Leader- Someone who can inspire a group of people to work towards achieving a goal Manager- Someone who direct and control activities to achieve the overall objective set by the leader leader SELF CONFIDENCE - They give themselves self belief that they can make good decisions and can solve problems themselves CREATIVE- They have the ability to be innovative in order to cause the business to stand out from its competitors Manager Plan Coordinate Command Control Without this level of control the idea of the leader will be lost and nothing will be gained even though the idea of the leader is good Implement the ideas of the leader if not implemented nothing is gained |
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What is the purpose of human resource management |
To plan how many employees are needed and what skills are needed for the business Recruit and select employees Appraise, develop, and train employees at every stage of their careers Measure employee performance |
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What is the reason for a workforce plan |
To calculate the future number of employees and skills needed by the business in the future |
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How many employees are needed depends on |
The demand of the product Labor turnover Absenteeism rate
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What skills of the employees are needed |
The pace of technological advancement Need for multi-skilled workers |
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What is the cost of high labor turnover |
Need to recruit new staff Poor customer service and output levels due to lack of workers
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What is the benefit of high labor turnover |
Unproductive workers can leave the business and be replaced by more productive workers New ideas can be brought into the business |
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How to recruit and select appropriate staff |
1) establish the nature of a job -> Job title -> Details of tasks -> Responsibilities of the job 2) Draw up a person specification -> Detailed list of skills and qualifications needed for the job 3) Prepare a job advertisement Internal Recruitment -> Cheaper -> Worker already knows the business -> Fewer choices of workers to chase from External Recruitment -> Expensive -> New ideas can be brought into the business -> More choices of workers to choose from 4) Making a shortlist of applicants -> Previous work experience -> Application and CV(check on the character and performance of the person in their previous company) 5) Selecting between applicants -> Aptitude Test -> Interview -> Presentation |
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What is job analysis? |
It involves identifying a vacant position, understanding its roles and responsibilities |
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What is the job description? |
It provides a complete picture of the job tasks, responsibilities, and roles It helps attract the right type of people to the job |
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What is person's specification? |
Analyses the type of skills, qualities and characteristics needed by the job |
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What is a job advertisement |
It includes the requirements and personal qualities needed for the job. It can be displayed outside or within the organization |
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What is an employment contract? |
A legal document that outlines the term and conditions of the job Legal binding document It imposes responsibility between employer and employee to honour the contract |
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What are the details of employment contracts |
Rate of Pay Working hours Responsibilities |
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What is labor turnover |
it measures the rate at which employees leave the organization Number of employees leaving the organization in 1 year/ average number of employees employed * 100 It increases the cost of recruiting, selecting training new workers High and increasing labor turnover shows that the employee is demotivated and disklike the job Low-skilled labor may be replaced by more productive ones. |
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What is training? |
Improves the skill of the employee which can motivate the employees |
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What is induction training? |
It is an introduction given to all new recruits It helps the employees to understand the procedure, customs, and layout of the organization |
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What is on-the-job training? |
Learn from existing employees by seeing how the existing employees do their work |
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What is off-the-job training? |
Train outside of the workplace It is expensive but it is more productive increase productivity and efficiency |
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What is job evaluation |
Objectively comparing demands of different jobs to allow appropriate pay levels. e.g responsibilities, different skills, and qualifications |
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How do improve staff morale and welfare? |
-> Use Human resource which offer counselling sessions to staff and this can increase staff morale and give them a stronger sense of loyalty and desire to do well for the business |
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How to develop staff |
Using effective appraisal which is used to assess the employee effectiveness By using staff training in order for the employees to do their job to the appropriate standard By assisting an individual to achieve their maximum potential |
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What is dismissal? |
If the employee fails to meet what is required in the employment contract that employee is told to leave the business due to bad behavior |
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What is redundancy? |
The employee loses the job because the company doesn't need employees to do the job anymore Usually, cause by a fall in demand for a good or service when a business tries to cut cost |
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What is work-life balance? |
It is when workers are not able to balance their work life with personal life for example, they work too long hours and don't have time for social life this will cause their health to be poor due to stress |
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How does HR work with employees to achieve a work-life balance to increase efficiency and productivity |
By implementing flexible working By job sharing By Teleworking(working from home) |
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What is diversity |
Process of creating a mixed workforce |
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What is equality |
Everyone is treated fairly and has an equal chance to succeed |
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What are the advantages of having policy for diversity and equality |
Higher reputation Higher morale Better idea and greater creativity |
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What are the functions of management |
1) Set objectives and plan ->Future planning creates departmental and individual objectives for every employee 2) Organise resources ->Ensure clear division of work and delegate tasks to all workers to keep them motivated 3)Motivate employees and direct them -> Guiding, leading, and overseeing people ensure that their corporate objectives are met 4) Coordinating activities Encourage teamwork between departments and divisions to lower duplications 5) Controlling and measuring performance against targets Make sure targets are being met and if they are not, find solutions like training workers, buying better equipment |
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What are interpersonal roles |
Motivates employees of all levels of the organization 1. Figurehead - symbolic leader of the company 2. Leader - motivating subordinates, selecting and training workers 3. Liason-linking managers of one department with others |
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What are informational roles |
Acts as receiver or transmitter of information 1. Monitor - collecting data about the operations 2. Disseminator -sending information about internal and external factors to relevant people 3. Spokesperson - communicating information about the business |
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What are decisional roles |
Make decisions to allocate resources to meet the aims of the organization 1. Entrepreneur - look out for new opportunities 2. Disturbance handler -flexible in responding to changes 3. Resource allocator - deciding on the spending of the business's resources 4. Negotiator – representing the organisation at all negotiations |
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What are the qualities of a good leader |
1) Desire to succeed 2) Self-confidence 3) Creative and innovative 4)Multitalented |
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What is the director? |
They are the senior manager elected by shareholders Responsible for delegation, assisting in recruitment, and meeting objectives within the department |
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What is the manager? |
Responsible for people, resources, and decision making Having authority over people below them Direct, motivate and discipline |
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What are the supervisors |
Appointed by management Not a decision - making role Responsible for working towards pre-set goals |
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What are worker's representatives |
Elected by workforce They discuss areas of common concern with managers |
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What is autocratic leadership? |
Centralised decision making Leader takes all decisions and not allowed workers to be involved in it |
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What is democratic leadership |
Involve workers in decision making which motivates employees Promotes participation by employees in decision making |
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What is laissez faire |
Leaves employees to make their own decisions to achieve the objective of the business Leader has no input in decision making Employees trusted to take decisions less control A hands-off approach |
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What is paternalistic |
Manager do what they think is best for workers and want them to be happy |
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What is the advantages of autocratic |
Quick decision making Clear instructions for the employees to follow which reduces the chances of mistakes |
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What is the disadvantages of autocratic |
Demotivate employees as they aren't involved decision-making process Decisions don't benefit from employee input A lack of ideas from the employees; they do not feel valued or trusted. In one-way communication; the ideas of employees are not heard. Less chance for employees to ask questions. Less chance/opportunity for employee creativity. Lack of trust between managers and employees |
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What is the advantages of democratic |
Motivates the employees as they are involve in decision making process Result in better decisions |
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What is the disadvantages of democratic |
Time consuming Sometimes quick decisions making which this leadership style is not suitable |
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What is the advantages of laissez faire |
Encourage employees to show creativity High level of delegation |
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What is the disadvantages of laissez faire |
Feedback isn't possible which demotivates employees Lack of structure which cause workers to dislike it |
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What is the advantages of paternalistic |
Makes workers happy as they are consulted to make decisions which motivates them |
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What is the disadvantages of paternalistic |
Workers may be dissatisfied with attempts to consult |
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What is theory X |
Theory X Managers think workers -dislike work - not responsible - not creative Manager action -> control workers -> No delegation of authorities -> Don't trust the workers Workers response -> Dislike work -> Try to be absent -> Don't want to contribute |
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What is theory Y |
Theory Y Managers think workers - like workers - responsible - creative Manager action -> Delegate tasks -> Give freedom to workers -> Trust workers by involving them in making decisions Workers response -> like work -> won't contribute |
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What is informal leadership |
Lead without formal power More influence over groups Formal and informal leaders work together to achieve goals |
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What is emotional intelligence |
Ability of managers to understand own and others emotions in order to improve business performances |
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What are the 4 goleman competencies |
1) SOCIAL AWARENESS 2) SELF MANAGEMENT - recover quickly from stress, showing initiative and control 3) SELF AWARENESS - knowing what it is important and use that to guide your decision making 4) SOCIAL SKILLS - Deal with emotions in relationships |
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What happens when managers has low emotional intelligence |
Lack trust and be so stressed out that they will be difficult to approach Perform poorly in social situation where is difficulty negiotating and talking Failure of involving others in decision making |
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What is productivity |
Measure of efficiency output/input |
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How to increase productivity |
Better training Improved motivation Better machinery |
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How to increase efficiency |
same input more output same output less input |
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What factors effect which leadership style to use? |
Training and experience of workforce Amount of time available for discussion Attitude of management Culture of firm Importance of issues |
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Define motivation |
It is the desire of the workers to do a job quickly and efficiently |
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Why is motivation important |
It helps a business to achieve its goals Helps remain cost effective as possible Helps maintain low labour turnover and absentism rates Impact the productivity and competitiveness of the business |
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What is the difference between motivated workers and non motivated workers |
Motivated Workers -> Seek Promotion -> Help the business to achieve their goal cost effectively Non Motivated Workers -> Don't want to complete their task effectively and quickly -> Offer nothing more than the minimum |
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What indicates a poor workforce |
High abseentism rate Poor performance Labour turnover |
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What is Taylor |
Apply principles to increase efficiency on a task Break down task to see how production looks like Establish a way to record performance of workers Money is the main motivator Piece rate should be used where worker's output is linked directly to their wages |
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How to improve productivity using TAYLOR |
1) Observe workers 2) Identify the most efficient workers 3 Break down task into smaller parts 4) Use equipment to increase efficiency and increase production 5) Set out how work needs to be done 6) Use a pay scheme to reward workers who achieve targets |
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What is elton mayo |
Studies the impact of working condition by conducting physical and psychlogical experiment He found out that the changes in working condition doesn't effect productivity Working in a team encourages teamwork It gives some control to the workers on how they want to complete their work which motivates employees. |
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What is Maslow |
physiological -> Food, shelter, pay levels and water safety ->Safe environment ,job security Social -> Friendship/sense of belonging Esteem -> Confidence/Status being recognise for a job well done Self fulfillment -> Develop new skills which achieve their fullest potential |
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What is Herzberg |
Employer must minimise factors that cause disatisfaction Employer must maximise factors that cause satisfaction Hygiene factors( THEY DON'T DEMOTIVATE THE TEAM BUT WITHOUT IT EMLOYEES WILL BE DEMOTIVATED just removes dissatisfaction) ->Salary, working conditions,social relations Motivators( THEY MOTIVATE EMPLOYEE) -> achievement,recognition,work itself,responsibilty,advancement, |
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What is time rate? |
Payment to the worker for each period of time worked
More hours worked means more higher wages |
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What is a piece rate ? |
Payment to the worker for each unit produced More pieces produced more higher the wages |
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What is salary? |
Paid monthly |
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What is commission? |
Payment paid to the sales person for each sales made more sales , higher wages paid in addition to the basic salary |
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What is profit sharing |
Proportion of the company profit is paid to the employees |
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What is performed - related pay |
Bonus to reward for good performance Is a form of addition to the basic salary |
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What is bonus |
Payment to the worker in addition to their normal salary |
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What is job redesign |
Employee agree to make the job more responsible and challenging |
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What is job rotation |
Increase the flexibility of workers and variety of jobs by switching one task to another |
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What is the difference between managers and leaders |
MANAGERS -> Focus on system and software -> Does things right -> Short range perspectives LEADERS -> Focus on people ->Does things right -> Long range perspectives |
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What is job enlargement |
Increase task to workers |
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What is job enrichment |
Looking at jobs and adding task that require more responsibility |
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What is training |
Improve the skills of employee which motivates the employees |
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What is workers participation |
Encourage workers to be involve in decision making which increse motivation and greater opportuity to show responsibilty |
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What is team working |
Employee work in small group which they can help each other |
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What is target setting |
Employee can set goals which enables feedback on their performances and makes the job more interesting and reward |
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What is delegation |
Passing down authority to complete task and it allows workers some control of how the work is done. |
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What are the advantages of piece rate |
Encourages employees to produce more Labour cost is determine in advance to set the price for the product |
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What are the disadvantages of piece rate |
Employees may produce more amounts by ignore quality Not fair for employee who cares about the quality of the product and produce less |
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What are the advantages of salary |
Payment only needs to be calculated monthly Employer can keep the money in the bank a longer period of time Security of income |
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What are the disadvantages of salary |
Some workers prefer paid weekly No payment for overtime Income net related with level of productivity |
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What are the advantage of performance related pay |
Employees who seek to increase their financial reward improve performance Target setting can give a sense of purpose and direction |
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What are the disadvantage of performance related pay |
Fail to motivate employees who are not profit motivated Manager favourtism can cause harm in employee- manager relationship |
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What are the advantages of profit sharing |
Potential conflict between owner and worker is reduced Paid to workers using company's profit which don't increase cost of the company |
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What are the disadvantages of profit sharing |
Lower dividends paid to shareholders and reinvestment of profit into the business Scheme is expensive to setup in big business |
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What is McClelland Theory |
Achievement based theory 1) Achievement motivation -> Have realistic goals -> Seek opportunities for job advancement and job enrichment -> Have result driven attitudes -> Aim to reach more challenging goals ->Constant need for feedback and a sense of accomplishment 2)Authority -> Desire to control others -> Need to be influential and effective -> Strong leadership instincts 3)Affiliation -> Person has a need for friendly relationship and motivated by interacting with others -> Usually good team members -> Be liked and popular |
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What is VROOM theory |
Expectancy theory -> People to choose to follow ways that outcome what they value Can be motivated by if they believe that: -> Positive link between effort and performance -> Reward will satisfy an important need -> Good performance, desirable reward -> Result in a favourable reward |
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What are the characteristics of VROOM theory |
1) Valence -> How much they need 2) Expentacy -> How much the effort needed to give a certain level of performance 3) Instrumentatility -> How much confidence they have that they will get what they actually want |
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What are the disadvantages of using empowerment to motivate its employees |
Employee wont have control over their work Employee may prefer other methods of motivation such as higher salary,higher wages .etc Managers uses THEORY X Training will cause employees to be more attractive to other business(poaching) |
