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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Reasons to use preanesthetic drugs.
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To calm or sedate (smooth induction & recovery), reduce or eliminate adverse effects of gen anes., reduce the amt of gen anes. required, decrease pain during & after surgery.
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What's an anticholinergic?
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They are drugs used to decrease parasympathetic responses produced by anesthetic drugs.
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What does the autonomic nervous sytem control?
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The involuntary bodily functions (heart, breathing, pupil dilation).
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What are the two systems of the autonomic nervous system?
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Parasympathetic & sympathetic
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What is the synapse?
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The space between nerve ending and the receptor.
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What is the receptor?
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The site stimulated to respond when it receives neurotransmitter from nerve ending (muscles, nerves, glands).
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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A chemical that is released from nerve endings and travels across synapse, stimilating receptor.
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What response does the parasympathetic nervous system produce?
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The 'all OK-relax' response to situations.
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What response does the sympathetic nervous system produce?
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The 'fight or flight' response to situations.
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What are some parasympathetic responses?
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Increase in saliva & tear production, pupils contract, HR slows, decrease blood pressure, bronchi constrict, increase GI motility and secretions.
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What are some sympathetic responses?
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Decrease saliva & tear production, pupil dilate, HR speeds up, Increase blood pressure, bronchi dilate, decrease GI motility & secreations.
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What does -ergic mean?
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Does the work of, stimulates.
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What does -mimetic mean?
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Mimics, has a similar effect.
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What does -lytic mean?
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Prevents, tears down the effect of.
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What are Anticholinergic (parasympathetic) drugs used for?
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To prevent hypersalivation and bradycardia.
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Two types of anticholinergic drugs.
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Atropine, Glycopyrrolate.
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Do anticholinergic drugs have a sedative effect?
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Not at the therapeutic doses.
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What's another term for anticholinergic drugs?
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Parasympatholytic drugs.
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What are some precautions to consider with atropine?
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Markedly reduce tear secretions, avoid in animals with pre-existing rapid HR, produce thick mucous airway secretions, crosses placental barrier.
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What are some signs of an atropine overdose?
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Tachycardia, peripheral vasodilation (red as a beet), dry MM/thirst, hyperthermia, excitement, dilated pupils.
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What's the difference between glycopyrrolate & atropine?
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It costs more, has a longer duration, milder effects and doesn't cross the placental barrier.
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What do you use sedatives/tranquilizers for?
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Calming effect, smooth induction & recovery, reduced amt of general anes. required, prevent excitatory effects of some anesthetics in some species.
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What are 3 types of sedatives/tranquilizers?
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Phenothiazines (acepromazine), Benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam, zolazepam), Alpha-2 Agonists (Xylazine, medetomidine).
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What is the most commonly used preanesthetic used in vet medicine?
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Acepromazine.
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What are some advantages for using acepromazine?
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Not controlled, sedation lasts 2-8hrs IM, Antiemtic, Antiarrythmic(protects heart against arrhymthic effects of epinephrine & some anes drugs.
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What are some precautions to take with acepromazine?
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No analgesic effect, prolapse of third eyelid, vasodilation (avoid in hypotensive pt), lower seizure threshold.
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What routes is acepromazine delivered?
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IM, SC, Oral, IV-with caution. Onset is 15 mn IM.
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What are some advantages to using benzodiazepine?
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Mild calming effect, excellent muscle relaxation, prevent seizures, minimal cardiac & respiratory depression.
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What should you be careful about when using benzodiazepine?
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It may cause excitement when used alone.
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What do you usually use benzodiazepines with?
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Usually used with induction agents.
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what are 3 of the benzodiazepine drugs?
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Diazepam, Midazolam & Zolazepam.
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What drug is benzodiazepine usually mixed with?
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Ketamine
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What route is diazepam administered?
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IV or oral tablet.
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How is midazolam administered?
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IM - it's water soluble.
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What do you usually combine zolazepam with?
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Tiletamine in telazol.
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How is zolazepam administered?
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IM - it's a powder, must be reconstituted.
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What is the benzodiazepine of choice (usually)?
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Diazepam.
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What are some advantages of Alpha-2 Agonists?
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Potent sedation, good muscle relaxation, effective analgesia, reversible, not controlled.
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What precautions should you be concerned about with Alpha-2 Agonists?
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Use only in young, healthy pts(~cardiovascular effects), use w/atropine to prevent bradycardia, can be absorbed thru skin & MM, analgesia wears off before sedation, emesis of 50% of dogs and 90% of cats, ~bloat-avoid in GDV risks.
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What are some contraindications of Alpha-2 Agonists?
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Pediatric, geriatric, pregnant, sick, cardiovascular or respiratory disease, diabetes, GI obstruction.
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What are 2 types of Alpha-2 Agonists?
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Xylanine (Rompun, Anased), Medetomidine (Domitor).
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What are two types of Xylazine?
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Rompun, Anased.
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What's the reversing agent for Xylazine?
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Yohimbine - administered IV.
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Which route is medatomidine administered?
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IV or IM.
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Which has a longer duration xylazine or medetomidine?
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Medetomidine.
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Which drug can have a sudden arousal, xylazine or medetomidine?
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Medetomidine
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What's the reversing agent for medetomidine?
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Atipamezole - administered IM.
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What's something to keep in mind when reversing Alpha-2 agonists?
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It doesn't reverse other drugs given concurrently, which could lead to unwanted side effects.
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What are some advantages of Opioids?
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Most effective analegesia known, potent sedation, reversible, wide safety margin.
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What are some disadvantages of Opioids?
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Respiratory depression at high doses, some of excitatory in cats & horses, can cause histamine release if given IV, GI clearing effects (D, emesis).
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What are some precautions you should take with opioids?
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Usually use with atropine, used with tranquilizer in cats & horses, use IV with caution in dogs, avoid in cats.
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How do opioids work?
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They mimic the effects of endorphins on the brain and spinal cord receptors.
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What's a pure agonists?
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It stimulates all 4 types of receptors.
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Examples of pure agonists?
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Morphine, oxomorphone, fentanyl & hydromorphone.
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What's a mixed agonists?
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Stimulates some types of receptors & blocks others.
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Examples of mixed agonists?
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Butorphanol
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What's a pure antagonists?
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It blocks all types of receptors.
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Examples of a pure antagonists?
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Nalaxone & Nalorphine.
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What are the 4 Opioid receptors & effects?
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Kappa, Mu, Sigma, Delta.
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What does the Kappa receptor affect?
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Cardiovascular stimulation.
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What does the Mu receptor effect?
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Euphoria/ CV depression.
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What does the Sigma receptor effect?
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Dysphoria
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What does the Delta receptor effect?
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Motor dysfunction
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What are some signs of opioid overdose?
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Profound resp depression, bradycardia, extreme sedation/excitement, pinpoint pupil (dogs), dilated pupil (cats), facial swelling/hypotension due to histamine release, excessive salivation.
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What route is Morphine administered?
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SC, PO, Slow IV (dogs only), IM (painful).
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What do you usually mix morphine with?
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Atropine.
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What are some disadvantages to using morphine?
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Vomiting/defecation may occur.
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What route is Oxymorphone administered?
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IV, IM, SC (cats), epidural.
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What are some side effects of Oxymorphone?
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GI, hypotension.
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What has a longer duration, morphine or oxymorphone?
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Oxymorphone.
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What route is hydromophone admisistered?
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IV, IM, SC (both dogs & cats).
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Side effects of hydromorphone.
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Similar to morphine, resp depression, bradycardia, vomiting, panting, excessive sedation, excitement.
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How is Fentanyl administered?
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Transdermal patch.
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What is Fentanyl used for?
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Postoperative analgesic.
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What are 2 types of Butorphanol?
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Torbugesic (IM, SC-analgesic)
Torbutrol (PO-cough suppressant) |
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What route are antagonists administered?
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Sublingual (neonates), IV
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What's the duration for morphine?
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About 2 hours.
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What is the duration for oxymorphone?
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4 hours.
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What are antagonists also referred to as?
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Reversants.
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Nalorphine is ____% antagonistic?
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90%
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Naloxone is _____% antagonists?
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100%
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Which has a faster onset for atrophine, SC or IM
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IM -10-15 mns vs. SC 20 mn.
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What's the most commonly used preanesthetic sedative used in vet med?
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Acepromazine.
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How long are the analgesic and sedation effect for xylazine?
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Analgesia - 20 mns, sedation is up to several hours.
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