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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do boys and girls acquire gender, according to Freud?
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During their phallic stage, by identifying with the same sex parent in the Oedipus and Electra complexes.
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When does the phallic stage occur?
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At the age of 3-5 years.
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What happens during the Oedipus Complex?
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A young boy develops an intense sexual love for his mother and sees his father as a rival, wanting to get rid of him. The boy fears his father will castrate him as he is far bigger and powerful, so therefore develops a defence mechanism to cope with his fear. He identifies with his father by adopting his attitudes, mannerisms and actions so that his father will not be hostile towards him.
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What happens during the Electra Complex?
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Girls start with the belief that they have already been castrated because they do not have a penis. The young girl blames her mother for this and transfers her desires to her father, wishing to have a baby with him. This puts her into conflict with her mother and is fearful of losing her mother's love. To resolve the conflict she identifies with her mother and internalises her gender behaviour and moral code.
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Is there any supporting evidence for Freud's theory of gender development?
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The case study of Little Hans supports this theory because Hans was at the right age for progressing through the phallic stage and showed behaviour consistent with the Oedipus complex, such as identifying with his father and sleeping in his mother's bed.
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What did Melanie Klein do which supports Freud's theory of gender development?
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She analysed young children using a version of play therapy and found that they show a strong preference in the opposite sex parent, which may support the theories of the Oedipus and Electra complexes.
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How is Freud's theory of gender development useful?
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It can help us understand children as we know that children have unconscious conflicts which they need to work through. Treatments such as play therapy can help withdrawn children.
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Which is Freud's theory of gender development unscientific?
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There is a lack of evidence to support his claims as the case studies he used were subjective as they used the therapist's interpretation of thoughts and feelings. The theory also proposes that unconscious forces are responsible for our gender behaviour which is difficult to test scientifically as the data is highly subjective.
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Is Freud's theory of gender development reductionist in any way?
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It ignores factors which may influence gender development such as the role of genes and hormones within the Biological Approach. The Learning Approach also demonstrates that children may be reinforced for gender appropriate behaviour.
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What did Freud believe that children are capable of?
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He believed that children are capable of sexual pleasure (gratification) which is not the same as that of mature adults but is derived from stimulations around the body (erogenous zones). This is dependent on where the libido (sexual energy) is directed during each psychosexual stage. All children go through these stages as they are biologically programmed and problems that occur during these stages cause fixation in that particular stage.
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What happens during the oral stage?
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At 0-1 years of age, the child's erogenous zone is the mouth and the child seeks immediate gratification from basic needs such as breast or bottle feeding. Insufficient or force feeding can lead to fixation in later life which includes smoking, sarcasm, etc.
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What happens during the anal stage?
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At 1-3 years of age, the child's erogenous zone is the anus and they will realise that they have some control over their biological functions. The child will take part in 'messy play' and will randomly eliminate faeces. This can come into conflict with the parents, leading to anal-expulsive personality (messy, disorganised, reckless, etc.) or anal-retentive personality (careful, 'tight' with money, obsessively tidy, etc.)
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What happens during the phallic stage?
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At 3-5 years of age, Freud believed that children start to develop their gender through the Oedipus and Electra complexes, by identifying with the same sex parent and discovering genitals. Fixations will include: anxiety about sex, narcissistic personality, etc. Freud believe women never really pass through this stage.
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What happens during the latency period?
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At 5/6 years of age until puberty, the child's energy is directed away from sexual preoccupations as these are repressed. The child's energy is now directed to learning new skills and acquiring knowledge through education.
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What happens during the genital stage?
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From puberty onwards, the erogenous zone is the genitals and children become interested in opposite sex relationships by practising masturbation and having adult sexual relationships. Any difficulties in this stage is based on fixation in other stages.
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Who argued that Freud's theories lack credibility and why?
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Masson argued that Freud's theories reflected his own biases. He based theories on boys rather than girls due to his sexist attitudes and narcissistic personality.
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What was the aim of Freud's case study of Little Hans in 1909?
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The aim of the case study was to report the findings of the treatment of a five-year-old boy for his phobia of horses.
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Who carried out the case study of Little Hans?
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His father carried out the case study who was a friend and supporter of Freud. Freud probably only met the boy once.
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What happened when Little Hans was 5 years old?
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His father wrote to Freud explaining his concerns about Hans' phobia of horses, which he believed may have been linked to his fear of a large penis.
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To what extent did Little Hans fear horses?
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He was particularly frightened of horses falling over as he had experienced this before, and when asked by his father, Hans agreed that the horse had reminded him of his 'daddy'. Hans had a dream about giraffes which may have been connected to the long neck of giraffe being a symbol for his father's large penis.
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What had supported the Oedipus Complex in the case study of Little Hans?
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Hans' final fantasy about being married to his mother in the giraffe dream supported the idea that he had an intense sexual love for his mother, and resented his father for this. He feared his father as he had associated a horse falling over with his fear of his father's large penis.
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What was the aim of Axline's case study of Dibs?
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The aim was to unlock the deep rooted problem they thought must be underpinning Dibs' behaviour because most of the teachers thought that Dibs was not lacking in intellect, despite his refusal/inability to communicate fully.
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What happened when Axline first met Dibs?
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She visited the school Dibs was attending to observe his behaviour. She worked with him in a playroom to observe his play and then met with his mother, who agreed for Dibs to attend play therapy sessions once a week for an hour.
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What was Dibs' behaviour like, according to Axline?
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Dibs was found to be solitary and aggressive at school and would violently avoid being taken home. She noticed that Dibs was concerned with locked doors which reflected his home life and some of the comments he made seemed to echo his father's attitude towards him. The mother had confessed that Dibs' birth had been unplanned and had disrupted her career and angered her husband.
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What was the reasoning behind Dibs' behaviour, according to Axline?
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Dibs had displaced his anger he had towards his father onto toy soldiers which could be seen as wish fulfilment within the Oedipus complex, as he effectively removed his father from the scene. Dibs had obtained mastery of his feelings and resolved his issues through acting them out and taking control during play. He was afraid of home and angry at his father and was in fact a genius with a high IQ.
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What is the conscious?
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The conscious contains information that we are aware of and have easy access to.
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What is the preconscious?
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The preconscious holds on to information until it is decided if it is threatening to conscious thought.
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What is the unconscious?
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The unconscious holds all the information that the conscious cannot deal with. The individual would not be aware of the thoughts that are contained here. They are hidden, and may be potentially destructive and often of a sexual or violent nature.
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What is the id?
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The id is the combination of pleasure seeking devices and we are born with it. The id is completely in the unconscious - information that is painful, anxiety producing or threatening is pushed into and contained in the unconscious mind.
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What is the superego?
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The superego is the moralistic part of personality which develops as a child interacts with significant others such as its parents. The superego can be seen as the conscience.
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What is the ego?
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It is the role of the ego to maintain a balance between the id and the superego. The ego and superego operate at conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious levels.
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What are defence mechanisms?
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Defence mechanisms are strategies that are used to protect the ego (our rational conscious mind) from an imaginary threat. Although all defence mechanisms can distort reality, according to Freud we all use some of them at some time as they are a way of avoiding unwanted information ourselves or the outside world.
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What is repression?
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Repression is when an individual keeps anxiety provoking thoughts out of their conscious awareness, possibly as a way of coping.
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What is projection?
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Projection involves attributing one's own unconscious motives on to another individual (or situation). For example, a person who has not come to terms with their own sexual drives may come to believe that other people engage in strange sexual practices.
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What is denial?
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Denial is when an individual does not acknowledge the existence of a threat.
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What is displacement?
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Displacement is when an individual redirects thoughts and feelings from something which causes anxiety to a safer, more acceptable one. For example, being annoyed with your teacher and taking it out on a friend.
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What is a key issue in the Psychodynamic Approach?
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A suitable key issue for this approach is 'Is psychoanalysis effective in treating abnormal and normal clients?'
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