As Biology Wjec Eduqas Component 1 Ch2

Front 1

Define organelle

Back 1

A specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell

Front 2

What are the biological membranes of cells

composed of?

Back 2

Phospholipids and proteins

Front 3

Describe the structure of a eukaryote

Back 3

Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound

organelles, which are enclosed in the cytoplasm.

Front 4

What is the most convenient unit measurement when referring to cells and organelles?

Back 4

Micrometres

1mm=1000micrometres

Front 5

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

Back 5

It contains DNA

Front 6

What are the components of the nucleus?

Back 6

1. Nuclear envelope

2. Nuclear pores

3. Nucleoplasm

4. Chromatin

5. Nucleolus

Front 7

What is the purpose of mitochondria?

Back 7

They produce ATP for respiration

Cristae provide a large surface area for the

attachment of enzymes involved in respiration

Front 8

What do mitochondria comprise of?

Back 8

1. Inner membrane

2. Outer membrane

3. Inter-membrane space

4. Cristae

5. (70S) ribosomes

6. Circle of DNA

7. Matrix

Front 9

Why may mitochondria appear to look different to each other in an electron micrograph?

Back 9

It depends of the plane they have been cut in. Transversely they appear circular, but

longitudinally they appear long and cylindrical

Front 10

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Back 10

They are the photosynthesising tissue of plants

Front 11

What do chloroplasts comprise of?

Back 11

1. Inner membrane

2. Outer membrane

3. Stroma

4. 70S ribosomes

5. Circular DNA

6. Thylakoids

7. Granum

Front 12

Give a brief explanation of the endosymbiotic theory

Back 12

It states that some ancient bacteria engulfed others and were able to maintain a symbiotic

relationship with them. This led to the evolution of cells with organelles that have

double-membranes.

Front 13

What is the purpose of the endoplasmic

reticulum (ER)?

Back 13

To transport ribosomes, lipids and proteins

Front 14

What are the two types of endoplasmic

reticulum?

Back 14

Rough (RER)

Smooth

Front 15

What does the endoplasmic reticulum comprise of?

Back 15

1. Inner membrane

2. Outer membrane

3. Cisternae

4. Ribosomes

Front 16

What is the function of ribosomes?

Back 16

Ribosomes form peptide bonds between amino acids in the cytoplasm

Front 17

What is the function of the Golgi body /

apparatus / complex?

Back 17

1. Producing secretory enzymes, packaged into secretory vesicles.

2. Secreting carbohydrates

3. Producing glycoproteins

4. Transporting and storing vessels

5. Forming lysosomes, containing digestive

enzymes

Front 18

What does the Golgi body comprise of?

Back 18

1. Lumen

2. Cisternae

3. Secretory vesicles

Front 19

What is the function of lysosomes?

Back 19

Lysosomes contain potentially harmful digestive enzymes, which they release when the cell needs to recycle worn out organelles.

Front 20

What is the purpose of the centrioles?

Back 20

Centrioles are located next to the nucleus of

animal cells and most protoctistans. During cell division, centrioles organise the microtubules that make spindle fibres.

Front 21

What is the purpose of the vacuole in plants?

Back 21

Vacuoles contain cell sap, storing chemicals such as glucose, amino acids, minerals, vitamins and pigments. Vacuoles support soft plant tissues.

Front 22

What is the cell wall composed of?

Back 22

Cellulose

Front 23

What three purposes does the cell wall have?

Back 23

1. Tranport

2. Mechanical strength

3. Communication between cells

Front 24

Describe the features of an animal cell and how they differ to that of a plant cell

Back 24

1. Animal cells have no cell wall whereas plant cells do

2. Animal cells don't have chloroplasts; plants do

3. Animal cells don't have plasmodesmata; plants do

4. Animal cells have many small vacuoles, whereas plants have one large vacuole

5. Animal cells have centrioles whereas plant cells do not

6. The energy store for animal cells is glycogen, whereas in plants it is starch

Front 25

How are the organelles in cells interrelated?

Back 25

Cell organelles need to cooperate in order to carry out functions such as protein synthesis or cell division, that require input from multiple organelles

Front 26

Define prokaryote

Back 26

A single-celled organism lacking membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus, with its DNA free in the cytoplasm

Front 27

Define eukaryote

Back 27

An organism containing cells that have membrane-bound organelles, with DNA in chromosomes within the nucleus

Front 28

Describe the features of a prokaryotic cell

Back 28

1. DNA is free in the cytoplasm

2. Peptidoglycan (murein) cell wall

3. 70S ribosomes

4. Cytoplasm

5. Cell membrane

6. Slime coat (Add)

7. Flagella (Add)

8. Photosynthetic lamellae (Add)

9. Mesosome (Add)

10. Plasmids (Add)

Front 29

What is the size, in micrometers, of a prokaryote?

Back 29

Small: 1-10 micrometers

Front 30

What is the size, in micrometers, of an eukaryote?

Back 30

Larger: 10-100 micrometers

Front 31

Why can viruses not be seen under a light microscope?

Back 31

They are simply too small

Front 32

What word is used to describe viruses since they have no cells?

Back 32

Acellular

Front 33

What is the term used to describe a virus that is outside of a living cell?

Back 33

Virion

Front 34

Bacteriophage is the name given to viruses that attack _________.

Back 34

Bacteria

Front 35

Why can the common cold not be dealt with by taking antibiotics?

Back 35

It is a virus so will not be killed using antibiotics

Front 36

Define tissue

Back 36

Group of cells with the same structure and function working together

Front 37

What is the name of the membrane that epithelia sit on?

Back 37

Basement membrane

Front 38

Describe cuboidal epithelium

Back 38

Cells are cube shaped (cuboidal)

The simplest form of epithelium

Just one cell thick

Found in salivary glands and convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons

Front 39

Describe columnar epithelium

Back 39

Elongated cells

Found in oviducts (Fallopian tubes) and trachea

Some may have cilia

Used to move substances through

Front 40

Describe squamous epithelium

Back 40

Consist of flattened cells on the basement membrane

Form the walls of alveoli in lungs and line the Bowman's capsule in kidney nephrons

Front 41

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Back 41

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Smooth muscle

3. Cardiac muscle

Front 42

Describe the function and appearance of skeletal muscle tissue

Back 42

Attached to bones and generates locomotion in mammals

Bands of long cells, which give powerful contractions

Voluntary muscle as we choose to move them

May be referred to as striated muscle

Front 43

Describe the function and appearance of smooth muscle tissue

Back 43

Individual spindle-shaped cells that contract rhythmically

Contractions are less powerful than skeletal muscle

Occur in skin, blood vessels and digestive/respiratory tracts

Involuntary muscle

Front 44

Describe the function and appearance of cardiac muscle tissue

Back 44

Found in the heart

Sort of like a mixture between smooth and skeletal muscle tissue

Cells have stripes

Contract without stimulation from nerves

Does not tire

Front 45

What is the purpose of connective tissue?

Back 45

To connect, support or separate tissues and organs. Contains elastic fibres with fat-storing and immune system cells between.

Front 46

Define organ

Back 46

A group of tissues in a structural unit, working together and performing a specific function

Front 47

Define organ system

Back 47

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function

Front 48

Give an example of three organ systems

Back 48

Any of the following:

1. Digestive

2. Excretory

3. Skeletal

4. Circulatory

5. Reproductive

6. Respiratory

7. Nervous

Front 49

Define organism

Back 49

All the systems of the body working together, make up an organism, which is a discrete individual