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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a polymer? |
A large chain made from many repeating monomer units bonded together |
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What monomer are polysaccharides made from? |
Monosaccharides |
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What monomer are polynucleotides made from? |
Nucleotides |
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What monomer are polpeptides made from? |
Amino Acids |
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What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers? |
Hydrolysis reaction |
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Name 3 common monosaccharides |
Fructose Alpha glucose Beta glucose Galactose |
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What type of reaction joins two monosaccharides together? |
Condensation reaction |
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A hydrolysis reaction involves the use of what type of molecule? |
Water |
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What type of bond links two monosaccharides together? |
Glycosidic bond |
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What is formed when two monosaccharides join together? |
Disaccharide |
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What disaccharide is formed from the condensation of 2 molecules of a) alpha glucose? B) glucose and fructose? C) glucose and galactose? |
A) maltose B) Sucrose C) lactose |
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What is this a picture of? What type of bond is there? |
Two alpha glucose molecules in the disaccharide maltose. Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond |
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From what monomers are the following polysaccharides made? A) glycogen B) starch C) Cellulose |
A) and B) made from alpha glucose C) beta glucose |
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Describe the test used to show reducing sugars are present. |
Add Benedict's Reagent to the sample and heat together- if reducing sugars are present a red precipitate will form |
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Describe the test used to show non reducing sugars are present. |
First perform the reducing sugars test- if there is a negative result, heat with dilute acid and neutralise with a dilute base then re- the Benedict's test |
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Describe the test used to show starch is present? |
Add iodine solution (iodine in potassium iodide) to the sample- if starch is present a blue-black colour can be seen |
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Describe the test used to show lipids are present? |
Perform the emulsion test: Add ethanol (lipids are soluble in alcohols) to the sample and shake together. Then add the mixture to water- a white emulsion should form |
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What are triglycerides made from? |
A glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains |
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What does this show? What is the red show? |
This is a triglyceride molecule. The red is an ester bond as a triglyceride is an ester molecule (alcohol bonded to a carboxylic acid) |
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What type of bond is formed between glycerol and a fatty acid |
An ester bond |
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What do we call a fatty acid that has C-C single bonds |
A saturated hydrocarbon |
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How is a phospholipid different from from a triglyceride? |
It has two fatty acids chains and a phosphate group bonded to a glycerol molecule |
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What is an amine group? |
NH2 (A derivative of ammonia NH3) |
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What type of bond holds amino acids together? |
Peptide bonds |
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What is primary structure of a protein? |
The linear sequence- number and order- of amino acids |
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What is quaternary structure? |
2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together to form a final 3D complex structure. |
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Name 3 types of bond involved in maintaining/stabilizing tertiary structure of proteins |
1) Ionic bonds between carboxyl- and amine groups+ NOT involve in the peptide backbone 2) Disulphide bridges between sulphur groups 3) Hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and anime groups INVOLVED in the peptide backbone |
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How can you test for proteins? |
Perform a biuret test- add Biuret Reagent ( or alternatively add sodium hydroxide and a few drops of dilute copper sulfate) if a protein is present a lilac colour will be seen |
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What type of biological molecule are enzymes? |
Enzymes are proteins |
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Describe the active site in the lock and key model of enzyme action. |
The active site is a rigid structure that can only catalyse a substrate exactly complementary to it. The active site remains the same shape throughout the reaction |
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Describe the active site in the induced fit model of enzyme action. |
The active site changes shape slightly to form an active complex as the complementary substrate binds to it. This allows the substrate to lock even tighter to the active site and strains the bonds within the substrate, lowering the energy required to convert the substrate to products. |
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Name 5 factors that can effect enzyme controlled reactions |
The temperature of the environment The pH of the environment The enzyme's concentration The substrate's concentration The presence of enzyme inhibitors |
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What is an extracellular enzyme? |
IT's an enzyme that functions outside the cell from which it originates E.g. amylase- made in salivary glands and the pancreas it functions in the mouth and small intestine respectively to hydrolyse sugars. |
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What do enzymes form when they react with a substrate? |
An enzyme- substrate complex |
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How do enzymes work? |
Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being used up. -they catalyse metabolic processes -they can work intracellular or extracellular Enzymes have active sites that are specific shapes which specific substrates can bind to. |
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Why are enzymes specific? |
Enzymes are proteins and so have a unique 3D tertiary structure. The active site is determined by the tertiary structure.This causes their active to be complementary to one type substrate. |
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What is the function of DNA? |
DNA is a nucleic acid and its main function is to store all of the organisms genetic information that controls cellular activity |
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What are the 2 components of ribosomes? |
Ribosomal RNA or rRNA forms two separate subunit components which join to form the ribosomes |
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Name the 3 components of a nucleotide? |
A generalise nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group bonded to pentose sugar which is, in turn, bonded to a nitrogen-containing base |
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Name the 4 bases in DNA. |
Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine |
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What are the complementary base pair rules? |
A purine must bond to a pyrimidine complementary in shape: Adenine can only bond to Thymine Guanine can only bond to Cytosine |
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What bond is formed when a condensation reaction occurs between 2 nucleotides? |
A phosphodiester bond forms between the phosphate group and the sugar of an adjacent nucleotide |
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Name the 4 bases in RNA |
Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidine: URACIL and Cytosine |
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What term describes DNA replication? |
DNA is described as being semi-conservative because half of the strands in each new DNA molecules are from the original DNA molecule. |
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What is the role of DNA Helicase? |
DNA helicase is the enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases of two polynucleotide DNA strands |
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What is the role of DNA polymerase? |
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that catalyses the condensation reaction which joins two adjacent nucleotides together. works in the 5' to 3' direction |
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What is the name of the enzyme that hydrolyses ATP? |
ATP hydrolase |
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What is formed from the breakdown of ATP? |
ADP and one inorganic phosphate |
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What often happens to compounds when they are phosphorylated? |
They usually become more reactive allowing them to reactive with whatever they were previously unable to. |
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What is ATP made from? |
ATP, a nucleotide derivative, stands for Adenosine triphosphate One adenine base, a ribose sugar bonded to THREE phosphate groups |
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Which enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP? |
ATP synthetase catalyses the formation of ATP during respiration- the bonding of ADP to Pi |
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Name 2 processes that could produce ATP |
ATP synthetase operates during Cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
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Name 5 important properties of water |
+Water is an important metabolite +Water is a great solvent +Water has high latent heat of evaporation +Water has a high specific heat capacity so is resistant to changes in temperature +Strong cohesion between water molecules Water is colourless and has high transmission of visible light Water is less dense in its solid state |
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Which ion is found in haemoglobin? |
The Iron ion- One molecule of hemoglobin has 4 iron ions |
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Give one role of sodium ions? |
They help transport glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes via co-transportation |
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Give two role of phosphate ions |
phosphate ions are crucial components of ATP and DNA the bond between phosphate groups store the energy in ATP phosphate group in nucleotides allow them to bond to other nucleotides and become polynucleotide chains. |
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State 4 properties of ATP that make it useful as an energy store. |
+It's small and soluble so can easily be transported around the cell + It can't pass out of the cell- isn't lipid soluble so cell always has an immediate supply +Releases small, manageable amounts of energy +It's easily broken down |
