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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Define Polymer |
A large molecule made up of repeating units |
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Define a Monomer |
Small molecules, the basic sub unit of a polymer |
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Condensation Reaction |
Joining of two monomers by removing a water molecule |
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Give the three elements found in Carbohydrates |
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen |
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What is the gerneral formula of a Monosaccharide? |
(CH2O)n |
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Alpha or Beta Glucose |
Alpha Glucose |
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What is the test for Reducing sugars ? |
Add Benedict's reagemt and heat. Brick red is positive. |
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Monosaccharides. Go!!! |
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose - all hexose sugars. |
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Disaccharides. Name them all and their monosaccharides. |
Maltose- Glucose +Glucose Lactose-Glucose+Galactose Sucrose-Glucose+Fructose |
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Test for NON-reducing sugars |
Benedict's test If remains blue: -add HCL and boil -Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise -Repeat Benedict's Brick red is positive as the HCL hydrolises the nonreducing sugars into reducing sugars (monosaccharides ) |
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Name the bond. |
Glycosidic bond -oxygen left over from the removal of H2O |
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What is the test for Starch? |
Add Iodine-blue/black is positive |
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Cellulose Name its monomer and features |
Beta Glucose Forms Long, Unbranched chains with Hydrogen cross links that help strength. Found in cell walls. |
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Glycogen. |
Alpha glucose Animal starch Large insoluble molecule Short branched chains Compact |
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Starch |
Alpha Glucose Found in plants Storage molecule for glucose Insoluble Coils like DNA |
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Give features of Lipds |
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Insoluble in water Soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and acetene. |
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Triglycerides and Phospholipids Features and Functions |
Triglycerides : 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol Ester bonds Phospholipids : Two fatty acids, glycerol and phosphate Hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail Found in cell surface membrane |
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Test For Lipids |
Add ethanol Shake Add equal parts water Shake Cloudy is positive |
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Monomer of a protein |
Amino acid |
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Which part of a protein's structure differs |
The R Group |
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What bond is found in polypeptides? |
Peptide Bond- bond between OH on the carboxyl grouo and a H in the NH2 group |
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Give the 4 structures of a protein |
Primary Structure -sequence of amino acids Secondary structure -chain folds to form an alpha helix or beta pleat -Held eith Hydrogen bonds Tertiary Structure -3D shape -Determined by amino acid sequence -Hydrigem, Ionic and Disulfide bonds -single polypeptide chain Quaternary Structure -More than one polypeptide chain -Sometimes a prosthetic group is added |
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Which three factors affect the rate of reaction in an enzyme controlled reaction? Why? |
Temperature -increasing temperature increases ROR as kinetic energy increases -optimum temperature is the fastest rate -After optimum temp higher temps cause enzymes to denature as H bonds are broken PH -Enzymes only work in optimum PH and start to denature in other PHs -PH alters the charge of the amino acids in tertiary structure. Substrate Conc. -ROR increases in direct proportionality to substrate conc. -Enzyme conc. becomes the limiting factor because at a certain point all active sites are filled. -Reaction CONTINUES at a constant rate as substrate is continued to be increased Enzyme Conc. -Like substrate Conc only reaction STOPS at a certain point as enzyme conc. Continues to increase as there's no substrate left. |
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What is the function of the mitochondria? |
To produce ATP which can be broken down to release energy for use in the cell. They do not produce energy |
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What is the Function of the ribosomes? |
Assembly of amino acids into chains. |
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What is the resolution of a transmission electron microscope? |
0.2nm |
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What is the resolution of a scanning electron microscope? |
3.0 nm |
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What is the resolution of a light microscope? |
0.27um |
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How do you calculate Magnification? |
Magnification= Image / Actual |
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How do you convert mm to Um ? |
Divide mm by 1000 |
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How do you convert Um to nm? |
Multiply by 1000 |
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What are the differences between Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells? |
Prokaryotic - has a capsule , circular DNA, plasmids, free dna Eukaryotic- membrane bound organelles, dna in chromosomes, cell walls made of cellulose |
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Purpose of the cytoskeleton |
Structural support To form the spindle for division To provide pathways for the movement of organelles in the cell. |
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Define Chromosone/ Chromatin |
A linear DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins |
Histones |
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Define DNA |
A polymer of nucleotide molecules that form the instructions for the synthesis of proteins found within organisms. |
Polymer |
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Define Gene |
A length of DNA that carries the code for the synthesis of one specific polypeptide |
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Name the molecule that is made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. |
Peptide |
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Which nucleotides are Purines? |
Adenine Guanine |
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Which nucleotides are pyrimidines? |
Thymine Cytosine |
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Define Globular Proteins Give one example |
Compact, water soluble, somewhat spherical. Hydrophobic R groups on the Amino acids fold inside the protein so the hydrophilic R groups are on the outside meaning it's soluble. Insulin- hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose level |
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Define Conjugated proteins |
Globular proteins that contain a prosthetic group which is non protein. They form lipoproteins or glycoproteins. They also bokd with some metal ions. |
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Fibrous proteins! |
Long insoluble molecules due to the presence of lots of hydrophobic R groups. They contain only a few amino acids so the structure is repetitive . Eg keratin Elastin Collagen |
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