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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Music in the enlightenment refers to what two people? |
Mozart and Haydn |
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Why would Mozart and Haydn's music be caked "classical"? |
-they're the most famous -music had no preceeding ones to revive |
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What are the general traits of music in the enlightenment? |
-order and simplicity -attention to form -pleasure of listening -instrumental more predominant |
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Who codified the symphonic form and took it to a more sophisticated one? |
Haydn |
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Who composed the Mass? |
Haydn |
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Where does The Mass take its cue musically? |
Opera |
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What in the Mass helps reinforce the text by adding emotion? |
A full orchestra |
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What is the setting of The Mass? |
The Enlightment for the concert Hall |
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What is an example of a mass? |
Gloria -by Lord Nelson |
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Who composed the Oratoria? |
Haydn |
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What 2 sacred vocal music thinkgs did Haydn compose? |
1. The Mass 2. The Oratorio |
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What is Haydn's Oratorio like in form? |
-The Baroque oratorio |
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What muscical style in the Oratorio like? |
-the Enlightenment style |
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What is an example of an Oratorio? |
The Creation -by Awake the Harp |
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What is the most important thing about Mozart? |
He was a prolific writer of beautiful melodies. |
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What did Mozart's piano concerto feature? |
-a solo instrument |
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What is chamber music? |
Small string ensembles |
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How old was Mozart when he wrote his first opera? |
12 |
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Name 4 of Mozart's famous operas? |
1. Marriage of Figaro 2. Don Giovanni 3. Cosi fan tutte 4. The Magic Flute |
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What was Mozart's last composition? |
Requiem -Mass for the Dead |
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What is a musical example from Mozart's Requiem? |
Lacrimosa |
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How did the Romantic music differ from the Enlightenment melodies? |
LONGER |
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Which type of music explored musical color to elicit emotions? |
Romantic music |
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Which type of music brought a more spontaneous sound? |
Romantic |
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Which type of music expressed the emotions of the individual? |
Romantic music |
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What are 2 Romantic vocal music genres? |
1. choral music 2. art song (lied)
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What is a Lied? |
a composition for solo voice with piano accompanied with poetic text |
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What is Lieder? |
German secular art song |
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How many art songs did Schubert compose before his premature death? |
1000 |
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Schubert was one of the earliest and most important composers of what? |
Lieder |
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During his lifetime Schubert's art songs were performed where? |
Homes (not public) |
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Who did Schubert try to live up to? |
Beethoven
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How does the music of The Erlking relate to the text? |
-tells story -changes voice |
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What are some highlighted instruments from the Middle Ages? |
-viol -lute -lyre -harp -shawm |
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In what period did musical instruments rise above their role as reinforcement and be for dancing? |
In the Renaissance |
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What 2 instruments were popular in the Renaissance? |
1. Lute 2. Harpsicord |
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Why is it hard to play Renaissance music? |
The composers didn't indicate which instrument should be used. |
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What is the result of Renaissance composers not indicating which instrument should be used? |
Works sounded differently each time. |
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Name this Instrument and its period. |
Psaltery -Renaissance |
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Name this Instrument and its period. |
Viol -Renaissance |
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Name this Instrument and its period. |
Harpsicord -Renaissance |
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Name this Instrument and its period. |
Portative Organ -Renaissance |
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Name this Instrument and its period. |
Recorder -Renaissance |
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What instrument replaced the viol in the Baroque period? |
Violin |
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Define fugue. |
Polyphonic texture for instruments
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Who wrote a famous set of suites and what did they foreshadow? |
-Vivaldi -movie music |
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Where does Vivaldi's music appear in pop culture today? |
commercials movies |
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Who wrote "The Seasons"? |
Vivaldi |
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What is an example of Concerto? What instrument does it feature? |
Bradenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major -Bach -Harpsicord |
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What is Sonata form? |
form often used in single movement within a larger work (symphony) |
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What is the form: theme and variation? |
-stand alone piece or movement -composer states a theme then changed the theme at each restatement |
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Who are three major Enlightenment composers? |
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |
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What is the most important musical form of the Enlightenment? |
Sonata Form |
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What are the 3 sections of Sonata form? |
1. Exposition 2. Development 3. Recapitulation |
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Define Exposition. |
Where themes are present |
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Define Development. |
Where themes are treated new ways |
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Define Recapitulation. |
Where themes return |
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What often follows the return of the themes in sonata form? |
"Coda" -tail |
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Define Coda. |
Italian for tail |
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Who wrote the 5th symphony and 9th symphony? |
Beethoven |
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What is Beethoven's 5th symphony an example of in his composition style? |
took small amount of musical material and developed them into something larger |
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What was the unique musical element added to the 4th and final movement of Beethoven's 9th symphony? |
Voices |
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What modern music is based on the 4th movement of Beethoven's 9th symphony (2nd 1/2)? |
A modern hymn |
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What composer used predictable, logic form? |
Haydn |
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What composer saw music as a drama, not merely entertainment? |
Beethoven |
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Who bridges both Enlightenment and Romaniticism? |
Beethoven |
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Who sought to expand classical symphonic form? |
Beethoven |
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Who used ABA design? |
Beethoven |
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Renaissance means _____. |
Rebirth
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Define Humanism.
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-everything begins and ends with humankind
-an attempt to discover humankind's own earthly fulfillment |
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Describe the interest in knowlege that led to the Renaissance. |
learning about ways to conquer nature (Da Vinci) |
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Define the patronage system. |
big, major families and foundations serving as patrons for groups of artists and musicians |
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Name 6 things that affected and changed the arts? |
1. Humanism 2. Interest in the Greeks 3. Printing Press 4. Rise in Mid Class 5. Patronage System 6. Power of Church |
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What are some general musical characteristics of the Renaissance? |
1. use of Polyphony 2. interest in secular music 3. first music publishing |
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What time period had the first music publishing? |
Renaissance |
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What is polyphony and what time period is it from? |
-multiple layers
-Renaissance |
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What was significant about the first music publishing? |
first music part book! |
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What was the first music publishing? |
-Petrucci Odhecaton -1501 |
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Who made sacred vocal music? |
Palestrina |
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Who is a counter Reformation Italian composer? |
Palestrina |
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Whose music was the first to be preserved for a model in later ages? |
Palestrina |
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Whose music is the "perfection" of church style? |
Palestrina |
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What was the Palestrina's goal as he composed vocal settings of a sacred text? |
-to accentuate the words correctly and make them intelligible |
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The melodic contours of Palestrina's "Kyrie" evoke images of what other music? |
-Gregorian chant |
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Palestrina's music was the first to be preserved for _______ |
-A model in later ages |
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Define cadence. |
All voices come together |
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Palestrina's Kyrie has what element at the end? |
Cadence |
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Define madrigal. |
-an accompanied setting of lyric poetry for 4-5 voices |
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What type of music emphasizes the mood and meaning of the text? |
Secular music in Later Renaissance |
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What is the significance of the madrigal? |
-the first wave of music to meet consumer demand |
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The madrigal was also primarily for _______. |
Private entertainment |
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Who wrote As Vesta Was? Time period? |
Weekles -Later Renaissance |
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Weekles in As Vesta Was uses __________ |
extensive word painting |
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What are the 3 main leaders of Reformation music? |
1. Luther 2. Zwingli 3.Calvin |
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Who scaled back church music in worship and why? |
Zwingli and Calvin -distrust |
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What was Luther's view on music in the church? |
-could glorify God (even bar music) |
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Luther's unique musical contribution? |
Chorale (hymn tune) |
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Why is "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" important today? |
It is a bar form. -AAB form |
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Which period is characterized by ornate-ness? |
Baroque |
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Define Ornate (music). |
Decorations on the musical line |
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Which musical period often has a feeling of churning/spinning? |
Baroque |
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What did the Baroque music sound like? |
BUSY |
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In what period did Opera become hugely popular? |
Baroque
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Why is Baroque music important for today's musicians? |
-laid foundation for the rest of music |
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Define Cantata. |
Sing (Italian) |
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How is Cantata connected to present-day church music? |
-Cantata Christmas music -Bach's chorale tunes in modern churches |
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What are 3 predominant vocal music forms in the Baroque period? |
1. Cantata 2. Opera 3. Oratorio |
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What is an example of Oratorio? |
Hallelujah Chorus |
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How is the oratorio like opera? |
a cousin |
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How is the oratorio different than opera? |
-not staged -opera is like theatre |
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Define Recitative. |
-musical style of setting a text that imitates the natural inflections of speech. |
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When is recitative used? |
to move the plot along |
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What is the relationship of recitative and aria? |
Always connected |
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Define Aria. |
Vocal solo that comments or expresses emotion -more beautiful/appealing -show of vocal prowess |
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What is the most famous choral piece in history? |
Hallelujah chorus |
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How many parts are in the Hallelujah chorus? How long did it take to write? |
-3 parts -24 days |
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What are the dates of the Middle Ages? |
400-1400 |
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What was the type of song in 500 of the Middle Ages? |
Plainchant |
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Define Plainchant. |
-vocal -monophonic -driven by Latin text -flexible tempos |
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What did Pope Gregory "the Great" do for music in the medieval church?
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-selected texts -edited the chants |
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Syllabic vs. Melismatic |
-Ex: Happy Birthday -Ex: Justin Bieber |
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Define Polyphonic. |
-Many voices |
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Define organum. |
more lines added to the monk chant in 700-900 |
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What is the significance of Hildegard of Bingen? |
-First composer who we have BIOGRAPHY -early Mid Ages |
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Define Liturgy of the Mass. |
-the Eucharist or communion service |
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What is the Ordinary in the Mass? |
-prayers and hymns that remain the same in all Masses |
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What are the 5 elements of the Ordinary? |
1. Kyrie 2. Gloria 3. Credo 4. Sanctus 5. Agnus Dei |
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What is the only Greek component of Mass? |
Kyrie |
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What part of the Mass is Latin for "holy"? |
Sanctus |
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Translate "Ite, missa est". |
Go the Mass is over and the congreg. is dismissed |
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What is the proper portion of the Mass? |
-changeable -vary with occasion |
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Define strophic form. |
-several stanzas set to same music |
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Characteristics of secular music in early Mid Ages? |
-use vernacular -love -strophic form |
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Medeival theatre was first performed in __________ and on special occasions. |
Church sanctuaries |
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In Medieval theatre ______ was performed where the congreg moved. |
Cycles of plays |
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_______ were the only performers at first in Medieval theatre. |
Priests |
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What was the Hellmouth? |
-place where sinners were cast -used to frighten ppl |
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What are the 4 steps to evaluating art? |
1. Analysis 2. Express Meaning? 3. Verbalize meaning 4. Judgement |
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Define formal criticism. *Mem* |
-based on work itself -independent of context |
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Define contextual criticism. *Mem* |
-looks outside of the work for meaning -artist's life and culture |
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Define Sculpture. |
-the art of giving meaningful shape to any material |
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What 2 shapes have fascinated sculptors throughtout history? |
-male and female |
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What ancient styles in sculpture fascinate us today? |
-Greek and Roman |
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What are the 4 steps of the sculpture process?
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1. Modeling 2. Carving 3. Casting 4. Assemblage |
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What are 2 types of sculpture types? |
1. freestanding 2. Relief |
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Which sculpting material will we see most? |
Stone metal? |
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What do paintings do according to Philip Bishop? |
-bring reality to our eyes by falsifying |
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Define stylized imagery. |
-representational |
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Define realized imagery. |
-more literal |
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Define idealized imagery. |
-perfected |
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Define line. |
Length dominated over width |
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What is a color edge? |
-A transition |
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What does a line do for the viewer? |
-implies direction -moves our eyes |
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Picture plane vs. pictorial space |
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Define value in visual art. |
-degree of light or dark |
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Define form. |
Shape |
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How did people hear music 200 years ago? |
-bones/stone -performed |
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What is tone/pitch? |
-high or low |
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What are dynamics in music? |
-loud or soft |
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Define timbre. |
-How it sounds |
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What is the pediment on building? |
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What is the frieze? |
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Who invented aesthetics as a branch of philosophy? |
Plato |
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Characteristics of Greek Classicism. |
-simple -clear -proportion -youthful -idealized symmetry -intellectual |
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Characteristics of Hellenism. |
-individuality -emotion -passion -personality -virtuosity |
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Characteristics of Greek music. |
-simple -monophonic -thought to generate great emotion -vehicle for text |
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Define frescoes. |
-painting on wet plaster of house |
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The jews has a biblical injunction against ________. |
Graven images |
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What was a notable exception to the injunction of graven images in scripture? |
-Mercy seat on the Ark |
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The earliest Christian paintings occured in Roman__________. |
Catacombs |
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What was the major question for the new church? |
Whether or not to depict Christ in statue |
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To most early Christians, visual art was _______. |
Symbolic |
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What was the emphasis for music in Hebrew & Christian scriptures? |
-vocal music -and text it carried |
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Who did the music in Temple worship? |
-Professional Musicians (Levites) |
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Psalms, prayers, and reading were often_________. |
Cantillated (sung) |
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Define cantor. |
Person who fulfills the role of singing in a synagogue |
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How was NT worship related to Judaism? |
Early church grew out of synagogue |
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Describe 2 Scriptures that use musical instruments? |
-1. Isaiah 30:29 -flutist leading ppl to worship -2. Isaiah 30:32 -celebration of God's acts with tambourines and harps |
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What did the early Christians reject musically and why? |
-Greek, Hellen, Roman -suspicion |
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Who replaced Plato and Aristotle as a philosopher for the early church? What was there source for evaluating art? |
St. Augustine -Scriptures |
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How does Islam display dualism in music? |
-it is "forbidden pleasure" -music used to call to prayer |
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Define Ezan.
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The call to prayer |
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Define Muezzin. |
The caller of prayer |
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Define Minaret. |
A tower of mosque |
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What is an etude? Why was Chopin's treatment of the form significant? |
-composition that concentrates on single problem -helps obtain mastery |
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What is an example of Program music? |
Berlioz |
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Program music was built around what? |
a descriptive |
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What are other names for program music? |
-programmatic -symphonic poem |
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Define Idee fixe. |
Single motif Berlioz used to tie movements together |
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How does Berlioz use Idee fixe? |
-tells a story -pushes the capabilities of instruments |
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Who is the champ of Impressionistic music? |
Claude Debussy |
