Articulations And Myology

Front 1

Articulation

Back 1

anatomical union (usually movable , between 2 or more bones)

Front 2

Arthrology

Back 2

study of ligaments and joints

Front 3

Kinesiology

Back 3

study of motion of human body

Front 4

Rheumatology

Back 4

study of arthritis and arthritic diseases

Front 5

Fibrous Joints

Back 5

connected by dense regular connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen
- these joints are also called "fixed" or "immovable" joints because they do not move, have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. seen in skull bones (sutures etc)
parts of fibrous joints:
Suture: only between flat bones of skull, become rigid as person grows older, dense connective tissue

Gomphosis - joints formed by union of cone shaped bony processes in a bony socket (is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible)

Syndesmoses - found between long bones of the body, these are movable.

Front 6

Ligament

Back 6

1. A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
2. A membranous fold that supports an organ and keeps it in position.

Front 7

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 7

hylan or fibrocartilge connects bones

Symphysis - articular surfaces covered by a thin layer of hylan cartilage is attached to pad of spongy fibrocartilage
- symphesis pubus
- annulus fibrosis of intervertebral disc


Synchondroses - bonds of hyaline cartilage unite bone many temporary
- costal cartilage
- epiphyseal plates (growth plates)

Front 8

Synovial Joints

Back 8

articular cartilage and joint capsule and synovial membrane (secrets synovial fluid)

Anatomical Characteristics
- synovial cavity
- articular capsule
* synovial membrane - hylan cartilage ends, synovial membrane begins, inner layer of joint capusle

* synovial fluid - like fluid, allows movement with near frictionless ease, contains stem cells.

- fibrous capsule
- articular cartilage
- accessory ligaments - reinforce capsule, prevents movement
* extracapsular ligaments - outside synovial cap
* intracapsular ligaments - inside articular capsule

- menisci - discs of fibrocartilage that divide synovial joints (wedge) tibeofemoral joint
- bursae - fluid filled sacs, inner lining of synovial membrane of nearby joint cavity, allows movement with near frictionless ease
- fat pad - filler, adipose ct

- fibrous capsule

Front 9

synovial movemnets

Back 9

gliding -
angular
rotation
circumduction
special

Front 10

Synovial Joint Movements

Back 10

Gliding
Angular
Rotation
Circumduction
Special

Front 11

Gliding Synovial Joints

Back 11

glides (superior articular facet of inferior verticular articular with inferior articular facet of superior vertebrae, carpals and tarsals)

Front 12

Angular Synovial Joints

Back 12

examples
antebrachium, lower leg vertebral column, cervical vertebrae

types:
flexion: lower angle between articulation in the bone
extension - make an increase in the angle between articulating bones
hyperextension - goes beyond anatomical position

(examples arm and leg)
abduction - goes away fromt he midline
adduction - goes towards the midline

Front 13

Flexion

Back 13

angular synovial joints

lower in angle between articulating bones

ex antebrachium, lower leg, vertebral column, cervical vert.

Front 14

Extension

Back 14

angular synovial joints

increase in angle between articulating bones

ex antebrachium, lower leg, vertebral column, cervical vert

Front 15

Hyperextension

Back 15

angular synovial joints

goes beyond the anatomical position

ex antebrachium, lower leg, vertebral column, cervical vert

Front 16

Abduction

Back 16

angular synovial joints

goes away from the midline

ex arm, leg

Front 17

adduction

Back 17

angular synovial joints

goes toward the midline

ex arm, leg

Front 18

Rotation

Back 18

Angular Synovial Joints

medial rotation (faces medially)
lateral rotation (faces laterally)

example: rotation of arm

Front 19

Circumduction

Back 19

example glenohumeral joint, coxal joint, (ie legs over the head)

Front 20

Special Joint Movements

Back 20

Synovial Joint Movements
Inversion - sole faces inwards (ex feet)
Eversion - sole faces outward (ex feet)
Dorsiflexion - toes point up (ex feet)
Plantar Flexion - toes point down
Protraction - moves anteriorly ex mandible, pectoral girdle, head)
Retraction - moves posteriorly (ex mandible, pectoral girdle, head)
Supination - when radius returns to normal (example palsm of hand)
Pronation - when radius goes over ulna (palms of hand)
Elevation - towards sky (ex mandible, pectoral girdle)
Depression - towards ground (mandible, pectoral girdle)

Front 21

Inversion

Back 21

Synovial Joint Movements
sole faces inwards (ex feet)

Front 22

Eversion

Back 22

Synovial Joint Movements
sole faces outward (ex feet)

Front 23

Dorsiflexion

Back 23

Synovial Joint Movements
toes pointed up (ex feet)

Front 24

Plantar Flexion

Back 24

Synovial Joint Movements
toes pointed down (ex feet)

Front 25

Protraction

Back 25

Synovial Joint Movements
moves anteriorly
(ex mandible, pectoral girdle, head)

Front 26

Retraction

Back 26

Synovial Joint Movements
moves posteriorly
(ex mandible, pectoral girdle, head)

Front 27

Supination

Back 27

Synovial Joint Movements
when radius returns to normal
(ex palms of hand)

Front 28

Pronation

Back 28

Synovial Joint Movements
when radius goes over ulna
(ex palms of hand)

Front 29

Elevation

Back 29

Synovial Joint Movements
movements superiorly
example mandible, pectoral girdle

Front 30

Depression

Back 30

Synovial Joint Movement
movement towards ground
example mandible, pectoral girdle

Front 31

Skeletal Muscle Components

Back 31

fascia
tendon
aponeurosis
tendon (synovial) sheaths

Front 32

Fascia

Back 32

Superficial fascia - located superficially - integumentary etc etc

Deep Fascia
> epimysium - external sheath of Connective Tissue surrounding a muscle (reg dense connective tissue)

> perimysium - around the fasicles, fibrous sheaths, enveloping each of the primary bundles of skeletal muscles fibers
>> fasciculi (fasicles) - bundles of muscle cells

> endomysium - fine connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber

Front 33

Gross Motor Movements

Back 33

- few motor units
- each motor unit is large

therefore, nerves servicing muscles of gross motor movements are relatively small,e ven though the muscles may be very large

ie biceps brachii

Front 34

fine motor control

Back 34

- many motor units
- each motor unit is small

therefore nerves servicing muscles of fine motor control are relatively large, even though the muscle may be small

ie muscles that control eye movement or the tongue

Front 35

myofibers

Back 35

muscle cells (multinucleate)

Front 36

myoblasts

Back 36

makes muscle (s/a stem cell)

Front 37

sarcolemma

Back 37

membrane

Front 38

sarcoplasm

Back 38

cytoplasm

Front 39

myofibrils

Back 39

bundles of muscle cells

Front 40

myofilaments

Back 40

protein filaments

Front 41

sarcomeres

Back 41

individual contractile units, each sarcomere is an individual contractile unit

Front 42

z lines

Back 42

z discs

Front 43

sarcoplalsmic reticulum

Back 43

Endoplasmic reticulum of the muscles

Front 44

Terminal cisterns

Back 44

enlargement of ER on either side of transverse tubue (storage of calcium)

Front 45

transverse tubules (T Tubules)

Back 45

active transport on going (always on) pumping CA into muscle (calcium gates)

Front 46

Thin Myofilaments

Back 46

- Actin (double helix configuration)
(thus have a myosin binding site)

Tropomyasin - troponin complex
> tropomyosin
> troponin

configurational changes and calcium

2 configurations
- closed gates, cover myasin binding site (no contractions)
- open gates, contraction on where calcum and troponin can engage

Front 47

Thick Myofilaments

Back 47

Myosin
- cross bridges
- actin binding site
- atp binding site

Front 48

motor neuron

Back 48

motor end plate
neuromuscular junction
synaptic end bulbs
synaptic cleft
acetylcholine