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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vowels
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voiced relatively open vocal tract, from syllable nuclei, high/low, front/back, tense/lax, rounded/unrounded
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phonotactic rules
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specific sounds and combionations allowed in a language, syllable shapes. CV, VC, CVC, CCV, VCC, CCVC, CVCC, CCVCC, etc.
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sonarate
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more vowel like liquides, glides, and nasals
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obstruants
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less vowel like fricatives, and affricates
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consonants
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constriction of vocal tract voice, place, manner
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sibalants
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higest energy fricatives z, sh, s, y palatal and alveolar fricatives
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connected speech
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coarticulation, adaptation, assimilation
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coarticulation
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preparation forseepch sounds with respect to phonectic context
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adaptation
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articulation mod due to neighbor sound
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assimilation/consonant harmonay
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regressive and progressive type of coarticulation phonemes change sound enough become more like another phoneme ie vowels surrounding nasals take on nasal qualities.
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regressive assmimilation
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One sound is influenced by another sound such that a sound assumes features of a second sound. duck become guck
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progressive assimilation
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One sound is influenced by another sound such that a sound assumes features of a second sound. coat becomes coak
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metathesis
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two sounds that are inverted
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coalescence
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replacement of two adjacent sounds by one retains one of features of the original sound
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morphophonemic
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the rules that govern the production of morphemes associated w phonemes
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Phonological process
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patterns of sound change that effect a class of sounds/the overall structure of words/syllables
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Markedness
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sounds thar are the most marked are the sounds that are hardest to produce.
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Non developmental process
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not typically developing in children ie backing
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Comprehension child language
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2-understand 50% of what saying, 3 75% 4-90%, 5-100%
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idiosyncratic process
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specific to an individual child
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behavioral model
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lang. is learned in response to environment and reinforcement. Mowrer and Olmsted.
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structural model
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born w/ the ability to develop lang. w/ development following universal order ages vary, but featurs unfold in pattern. Roman Jakobson
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generative model
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stamp development attempt to mimic adult model motor limiations and perception due to age cause prod. to be simplified. Donegan and Stampe
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cognitve model
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children develop lag. they perceive units of speech not invividual phonemes. Word is basic unit of speech. Macken and Ferguson.
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Locke's stages of phonological develop.
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pragmatics, cognitive, systematic, and infant perception
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pragmatics
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stage of phono develop. sound conveys meaning to another person-ie babies cry to convey needs can comm. intentionally early/eye gaze etc.
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cognitive
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stage of phono develop. @ about one year they can begin to store speech sounds and retrieve.
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systematic
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stage of phono develop. @ about 2 yrs being to look more like adult speech
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infant perception
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@ only a few months can distinguish speech sound. Tones presented variation results in a high amp of sucking.
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Sequence of development
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vocal articulatory control needed for speech. Control during first year: Phonation(on/off), pitch diff, volume diff (suprasegmentals), resonance, and timing
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Year one
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QRN, gooing/cooing, exploration, babbling, jargon
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quasi resonant nuclei
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occurs during year 1 almost resonant sound of vowel
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gooing/cooing
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occurs during year 1 more sustained vowel like sound and some consonants back vowels
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exploration
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expansion to fully resonant leading to babbling.
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babbling
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strong fully resonant reduplicated (da da), varigated (da ba, da di).
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jargon
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babbling with intonation sounds like real speech.
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Protowords
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consistently used production used to mean a specific object. purpur for pacifier
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Early developing sounds
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stops and nasals
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later developing sounds
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firctives, glides and liquids
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post vocalic singleton
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constonant deletion, deletion of final consonant.
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prevocalic singleton consonant deletion
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deletion of the intial consonant
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consonant sequence reduction
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two/more consonants in a seq are deleted-
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glottal replacement
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placing a glottal in place of another consonant
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fronting
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a sound further back in the mouth is made further foward
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backing
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front sound move back
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palatization
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a sound that is not palatal becomes palatal
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depalatization
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a sound that is palatal becomes depalatal
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stopping
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producing a stop for a non stop consonant
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gliding
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sub a glide for a liquid, liquid turns into a true vocal usually in final sound
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affrication
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sound that is not an affricate becomes and affricate
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lateralization
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air escapes laterally
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nasalization
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non nasal becomes nasal
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denasalization
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nasal becomes non nasal
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coalescence
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one sound retains pars of two different sounds
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epenthesis
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a scwha insertion
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migration
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CCVC --> CVCC
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deaffrication
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affricate changes to fricative
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voicing changes
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prevocalic, devoicing, prevocalic voicing, post vocalic voicing, post vocalic devoicing, neutralization, assimilation, metathsesis, reduplication, dentalization
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prevocalic devoicing
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sound in intial position that is supposed to be voice -> devoiced
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prevocalic voicing
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sound in intial position supposed to be devoice->voiced
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postvocalic devoicing
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sound in final position supposed to be voice->devoiced
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postvocalic voicing
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sound in final position supposed to be devoiced->voiced
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neutralization
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vowel becomes centralized
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metathesis
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sounds switch places
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reduplication
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part of a word that is repeated
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dentalization
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anything that is not dental becomes dental
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Treatment for children
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schools, early intervention center, clinic, out patient, day care/preschoo, homes, hospital, private practice
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Treatment for adolescents
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schools, clinic homes, hospital, private practice
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Treatments for adults
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hospital, nursing home, home, rehab, assisted living, business, private practice
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Assessments children
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Goldman Fristo test of artic. w/ Kahn lewis phono analysis, hodsin assessment phono process, compreshensive, assess. of phono process
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Adolescents and adults assessments
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Arizona artic proficieny scale, templin ddarley, fisher logemann-does not provide phonological analysis
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Straigh artic disorder
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mostly children struggle w/ r, l, s
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dysarthria
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weaken muslce movement corrdination muscle problems affects anyone
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dyspraxia
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apraxia motor planning can affect anyone
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FAM
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foreign accent modification-mostly adults
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Elective dialect therapy
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same lang. but changing dialect
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Length therapy session
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school 30-40 min across settings and aga
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Agenda therapy session
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intesity level change per individual
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content therapy session
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adult-reduce rate and overall artic
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phonetic inventory
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tape a child/artic test get a list of production determine which sounds are intial, final, and medial position.
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etiology
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factors related to communication disorders correlation vs. causality
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related variables for speech disorders
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hearing loss, structure/integrity of speech mech., neuromotor, motor issues, tongue thrust, cognitive impairment, psychological issues
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Hearing loss results
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articulation problems, suprasegmentals (prodosy, intensity, stress, and pitch)
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Important factors hearing loss effect on speech
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detection of speech which freq are affectd, age of onset of loss, age of detection of loss, severity.
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external discrimination
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other people speech-air conduction
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external self discrimination
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on tape through air conduction
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internal discrimination
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listening to own voice through bone conduction
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Testing discrimination
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Can discriminate between speech sounds present same speech sound over and over slip in one different indication of change?
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Lips
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no effect unless there are major deviations, cleft palate/lip-can have flat lip-no vermillion, border-doesn't affect speech
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Teeth
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occlusion,malocclusion, overbite, open bite, unerbite, missing teeth-can affect speech
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Tongue
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ankylglossia, macroglossia, microglossia
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Ankylglossia
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tongue tied-lingual frenulum is way up to front of tongue, no point in clipping if it doesn't affect speech
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macroglossia
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big tongue, may have mall mouth, weak muscles cause an appearance of big tongue
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microglossia
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small tongue
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glossectomy
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removal of tongue partial/full partial may sound drunk, can affect intelligibility, SLP can work w/ what they have to teach comp. strategies to get most intelligible sound
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Hard palate cleft
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maxiallary surgery use of obturation(bulb applicance used to close palate) improve intelligibility compensatory strategy to get best intell. fistual small opening in palate
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Soft palate cleft
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velopharyngeal incompetence pharyngeal walls causing air escape reasons refer to ent.
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Motor skills
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general muscles weakness often associated w/ artic diff.
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Diadochokinesis
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Pataka-rate-realtionship in func. artic disorders is unclear, clear difficult if dyspraxic, if reduced rate may be artic probs.
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Dysarthria
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neuromotor disorder central/peripheral damage all speech sys. may be damaged(stroke) cerbral nerves, msucle itselt/peripheral nerves, damage to motr strip in central/damage to synapes/myneural junction
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Dysarthria characteristics
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resonation, artic, resp/phonation, problems w/ any, distortions predominant, slow, weak imprecise movements, consistent errors, dec. intell, slurred
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Apraxia
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CNS prefrontal area, decrease motro speech program in msg, little/no weakness, more diff to do motor funct. on command
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apraxia characteristics
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artic affect in a big way non consistent, groping behaviors, substitutions and additions predominate, automatic speech often better than purposive
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Cognitive impairment
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Large range of norm. little correlation w/ artic. 70-130 IQ range, 85-115 ave IQ, below 70 cog. impaired, 125-130 academ. gifted. artic disorder correlation cog. delay
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Phonological disorder
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subset of artic. disorder
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General characteristics of phonological disorder
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later develop sounds are errored, poorer speech discrim skills, var. in sound prod., more errors w/ place than others, orderly seq of miss artic, position affect erros, shorter MLU, poorer speech intell, poorer sense/motor ability, homnymy, substitutions
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Full artic/phonological analysis
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case history, artic testing, oral mech exam, hearing screening, lang. screening and assessment, voice and fluency screening, behavior observation, cog. issues
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Case History
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birth, previous therapy, health, lang. develop.
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Interpreting result
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delay, errors, position errors, processes, compare norms, blocked processes, processes productively, cause, serverity based on consistency, intell, # errors, and types
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Make prognosis for improve
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age and been in therapy b4, therapy recomended, freq and duration of therapy.
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Templin Darley
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Iowa pressure artic. test assessing phonemes more compromised when velopharyngeal closing is a problem. use for resonance eval.
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Fluharty
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screening test never place someone in therapy based.
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screening
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grenarl overview of person's skills usually informal ex: listening to a child during class brief.
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assessment
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a formal look @ someone's speech abilities: also called diagnostic, eval.
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Prompting
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used during artic test if they don't get the word. Not allowed during a lang. test
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Chosing a test
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Age what area (single words may be fine, but prob w/ connected speech) what's available develop. level, clinician's pref.
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recording types of errors
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look beyond test and also connected speech then say xxx speech intell. judge to fair, poor/good.
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Look beyond test
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phonetic context is it errored in all positions always
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Why would connected speech be unintell.
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sppech rate easier to say a word in isolation than it is to say a word in connected speech
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deep testing
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McDonal deep test for artic. tests words in a variety of phonetic contexts some called an ext. test
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stimulability
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can the sound be produced in the presence of maximal areas.
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Oral mech exam
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purpose to test structure funct. of artic and facial charact. oral mech. peripheral checklist) including diadochokinesis)
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Hearing screening
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20 dB @ 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz, 8000 Hz
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Auditory discrimination
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in some cases test cognates pat/bat, sat/that, sip/zip are each of these same/different
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Auditory discrimination needs
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must be attentive to take, know what same/difference means, have table of objects give me hat/give me bat
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oral mech, auditory discrimination, case history/interview, screen for voice, fluency, lang, listening
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must have a statement about each of these things in eval.
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Common artic tests
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Goldman fristoe, templin darley, photo artic, fisher, and arizona
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Articulation assessment
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must also screen, oral mech, hearing, voice, fluency, lang. case history.
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Phonological assessment
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will include all components of screening and artic assess and looks more in depth @ speech
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Phonological processes
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patterns occur predictibility
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what must assessment yield
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how severe is prob, what processes are occur, how diff from normal, help plan for remediation, give baseline data
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things to remember assessment
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not a one time thing assess is ever changing look @ how client behave changes and change plan accord. always assess is it working?
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Choosing a test
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availablility, age, time, therapist preference, make sure looks at all phonemes, try for spontan. prod, if have to imitate make delay imitate by interject words b/w your prod. and theirs
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artic test focus on single words?
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Time, may not know what to do w/ cont. speech
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probs w/ spontaneous speech sample
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may not sample all phonemes, can do phon. inventory if you don't know target, but you can't do a phono analysis unless know target. no comp. data.
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limitations w/ spontaneous speech
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no comparison data, limited phonemes, time comsuming
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How to get spontaneous speech
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tell a story have repeat it, get talking about something interested in, toys that won't interfere w/ getting a sample-needs to facilitate speech (game), book w/o words, puppets
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homonymy analysis
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using the same phomemic combo for several diff. targets-high homonymy-low intelligibility-restricted phonetic inventory.
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phonetic analysis
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wasy to look @ speech
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phonetic inventory
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was phoneme there and in what positions, also syllable shape analysis
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phonological process analysis
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what pattern, what substitution, what context
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oral mech exam looking
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structure and funct. of all artic. as well as stable struc. can person move tongue(every movement) missing any teeth?
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tongue movement
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w and w/o resistence stick out tongue
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Puff up cheeks
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lip closure and velopharynx closure
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modified tongue anchor procedure
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stick out tongue and puff cheeks
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Voluntary movement
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can person stick out tongue when asked?
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involuntary movement
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watch to see if they can stick out tongue while talking, if not could be sign of dyspraxia
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Phonological deviations
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Omissions, substitutions, manner changes
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