Articular Cartilage Development & Degeneration

Front 1

List all possible cells you may encounter inside hyaline cartilage

Back 1

Chondroblast
Chondrocyte
Chondroclast

Front 2

List components of the hyaline cartilage matrix

Back 2

GAG's
Proteoglycans
Collagen fibers
Hyaluronon
Keratin sulfate
Chondroitin 4 sulfate
Chondroitin 6 sulfate

Front 3

Where is fibrocartilage found in the body?

Back 3

Meniscus
Intervertebral disc
Pelvic symphysis

Front 4

What aids in cartilage development?

Back 4

Mesenchymal cells
Transcription factors

Front 5

Which transcription factors are produced by adjacent mesodermal cells?

Back 5

Pax 1
Scleraxis

Front 6

What do these transcription factors do?

Back 6

Activate cartilage specific genes

Front 7

3 types of cartilages:

Back 7

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

Front 8

What type of collagen is hyaline cartilage made up of?

Back 8

Type II collagen

Front 9

What type of collagen is fibrocartilage mainly made up of?

Back 9

Type I collagen

Front 10

How are the collagen fibers arranged in fibrocartilage? And why?

Back 10

Arranged in parallel bundles, which give high tensile strength

Front 11

How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?

Back 11

Chondrocytes line up in a row with collagen fibers separating the rows

Front 12

What type of collagen is elastic cartilage made up of?

Back 12

Type II collagen (plus elastic fibers)

Front 13

What is used as a marker for cartilage turn over and degeneration?

Back 13

Multiadhesive glycoproteins (non-collagenous proteins)

Front 14

What are 2 ways that chondrogenesis can occur?

Back 14

By appositional growth and by interstitial growth

Front 15

What is appositional growth?

Back 15

Addition of cells & intercellular substance at the periphery of existing cartilage

Front 16

What is interstitial growth?

Back 16

Multiplication of cells & synthesis of intercellular substance within the existing cartilage

Front 17

What permits diffusion of substance?

Back 17

The large ratio b/w GAG's to type II collagen fibers

Front 18

What aids in bearing weight in points of movements?

Back 18

Large amounts of proteoglycans

Front 19

What are the zones/parts of articular cartilage?

Back 19

Superficial zone
Transitional zone
Deep zone
Tidemark
Zone of calcified cartilage
Subchondral bone

Front 20

What kind of strain does octahedral shear stress cause?

Back 20

Tensile strain

Front 21

Differences b/w tensional, compressional, & shear stress:

Back 21

-Tensional = pulling
-Compressional=squeezing
-Shear=sliding

Front 22

What are the 2 types of stress at any tissue location?

Back 22

Hydrostatic stress &
octahedral shear stress

Front 23

What kind of tension does hydrostatic pressure cause?

Back 23

Fluid tension (fluid pressure)

Front 24

When does the cartilage growth front slow down?

Back 24

When it approaches the joint surface & encounters progressively higher hydrostatic pressure

Front 25

What can increase in articular cartilage thickness, proteoglycan content, and mechanical stiffness of tissue?

Back 25

Increasing the functional loading of healthy joints by moderate exercise

Front 26

What would joint immobilization cause?

Back 26

An activation of subchondral growth front that leads to cartilage vascular invasion, thinning, & loss of proteoglycan

Front 27

What protein does the superficial zone cells of adult animals synthesize?

Back 27

Articular Cartilage Superficial Zone Protein (SZP) (lubricin)

Front 28

What does SZP/lubricin do?

Back 28

Has potential growth-promoting, cytoprotective, and lubricating properties in cartilage metabolism

Front 29

What zone has the most tensile modulus?

Back 29

Superficial zone

Front 30

What zone has the most compressive modulus?

Back 30

Deep zone

Front 31

Which areas are most resistant to degenerative changes?

Back 31

Areas of enriched proteoglycan content

Front 32

Is the subchondral growth front ever stabilized?

Back 32

No, it advances slowly with increasing age

Front 33

Where does this advance & associated cartilage destruction proceed faster?

Back 33

In areas where the cartilage hydrostatic pressure is low, generally at the margin of joint surface

Front 34

What happens when destruction proceeds to more heavily loaded areas?

Back 34

Contact forces & motion @ these areas can increase frictional shear stress that accelerates cartilage softening, fibrillation, & thinning

Front 35

What factors accelerate joint destruction?

Back 35

-Joint immobilization
-Blunt impact to joints
-Age-related
-Genetic-related

Front 36

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

Back 36

Articular surfaces of synovial joints, rib cage, nasal cavity, larynx

Front 37

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Back 37

Resist compression, provide cushioning, foundation for bone development

Front 38

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Back 38

External ear, auditory tube, larynx

Front 39

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Back 39

Flexible support

Front 40

Where is fibrocartilage located?

Back 40

Intervertebral disks, menisci, insertion of tendons

Front 41

What is fibrocartilage's function?

Back 41

Resist formation under stress

Front 42

Which cartilages can undergo ossification?

Back 42

Hyaline & fibrocartilage

Front 43

What will happen if cartilage is vascularized? (which it shouldnt be)

Back 43

Blood vessels destroy cartilage & ossift it. It deposits calcium & minerals. Its pluripotent cells turn into osteoblasts.