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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Joints |
-Synarthosis (non-synovial) -Diarthrosis (synovial) |
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Synarthosis |
-non synovial joints -fibrous -cartilaginous |
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Fibrous Joints |
-Bony surface united by dense fibrous tissue -Suture -Gomphosis -Syndesmosis |
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Suture |
-thin layer of fibrous tissue (skull) |
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Gomphosis |
-peg in a whole with fibrous tissue (tooth) |
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Syndesmosis |
-bone surfaces joined by a ligament (tibial/fibial jxn) |
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Cartilaginous Joints |
-minimal movement -Synchondrosis -Symphysis |
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Synchondrosis |
-bone-cartilage-bone -1st sternocostal |
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Symphysis |
-fibroucartilage or hyaline cartilage -pubic symphysis |
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Diarthroses |
-synovial joints -uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial |
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Uniaxial |
-hinge joints (elbow) -pivot joints (radioulnar joint) |
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Biaxial |
-condyloid joints (radiocarpal) -saddle joints (thumb) |
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Triaxial |
-plane joints (carpal) -ball and socket joints (hip) |
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Transverse plane |
-divides body superior and inferior |
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Sagittal plane |
-divides body left and right |
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Coronal plane (frontal) |
-divides body anterior and posterior |
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Closed-pack position |
-joint surfaces are fully congruent with capsule and ligaments taut -joint motion cannot occur normally in this position -hanging from a tree (elbow) -stance phase |
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Loose-pack position (open) |
-joint surface contact is minimal -capsule and ligament relaxed |
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Joint play (slack motion) |
-normal slack -permits gliding and distracton |
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Osteokinematic (physiological joint motion) |
-motion of the bony segments about the 3 body planes -often described in the cardinal planes (ROM) |
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Arthrokinematic (accessory joint motion) |
-motion of joint articular surfaces during osteokinematic of physiological motion -not voluntary control |
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Accessory joint motions |
-rolling -gliding -spin |
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Concave-Convex rule |
-rolling and gliding occurs during joint motion -rolling always occurs in direction of the moving segment -convex on concave: opposite -concave on convex: same |
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Torque |
-strength of rotation -forces that cause rotation |
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Non-rotatory action |
-distracting -stabilizing -translatory |
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Resolution of Force Actions |
-representation of a single force as 2 or more separate forces -perpendicular (rotary) and parallel (translatory) components |
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Composition of Forces |
-representation of two or more forces as a single force (shoulder flexion/extension=abduction) |
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Force couple |
-opposite forces which tend to cause rotation about an axis (upper trapezius and serratus anterior rotate scapula) |
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Agonist |
-Prime mover -muscle that produces desired motion |
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Antagonist |
-muscle that opposes the action of the agonist |
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Stabilizers or fixators |
-muscle which anchors, stabilizes and supports a bone or body segment to allow contraction, more distal, muscles |
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Reverse action |
-eccentric contractions with the distal segment stabilized -anterior tibialis at heel strike and glut max at mid stance walking |
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Muscle synergy |
-helping: 2 muscles with common actions, antagonistic (shoulder abduction) -true: prevention of undesired movement at a joint caused by the contraction of a multi-joint muscle (making fist-extensors and flexors active) |
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Muscle classification |
-agonist -antagonist -stabilizers -synergists (helping and true) |
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Contractile components |
-actin -myosin |
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Parallel elastic components |
-connective tissue: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
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Series elastic components |
-connective tissues within the tendon |
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Length-tension relationship |
-optimal force at 10% beyond the resting muscle length -ascending curve: active -descending: passive/eccentric and strong passive created force |
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Force velocity relationship |
-increase load decrease speed of contraction -Isometric: can't contract because load is too much -eccentric: velocity increases as load increases |
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Insufficiency |
-Active: inability of a 2 joint muscle to perform concentric contraction over one joint when it is shortened over another (flexion of fingers and wrist) -Passive: Inability of a 2 joint muscle to lengthen over one joint when it is already lengthened over a joint (hamstrings limiting full hip flexion and knee extension) |
