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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three main periods?
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-Classical=Greco-Roman, ended in 500 CE
-Medieval= 500-1350, "Dark Ages", illiteracy rates increase -Modern=we're in the end of it, starts with Renaissance, rebirth of classical learning and art |
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What was feudalism?
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-Decentralized form of government, power from land ownership
-Lord/ladies ruled over land -Agricultural society, 90% ppl are farmers -12th C urban centers emerge |
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What was the guild system?
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-Merchant/craft unions
-Ex. gold workers, weavers -Gold: monopoly over production |
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What was Aristotle's "just economic theory"?
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1. Ppl should produce useful goods and services
2. Ppl should charge a just price (based on cost and production) 3. Surplus goods must be shared with community |
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What was the early medieval Christian Church like?
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-Roman Orthodox Church= Western Europe
-Council of Nicea= established basic tenents. "dogmatic"= specific set of teachings -Mithraism= flood story, Holy Day (dec.25th), 7 sacraments, lots of similarities |
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What religions/traditions led to Christianity?
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-Gnostics= sect, "knowledge", taught religion could not give you knowledge, knowledge comes from a connection w/ god (anyone could have this)
-Paganism= Greek gods kind, and rustic= followed nature -Judaism= Torah is foundation -Gospels created but gnostics left out -Rise in asceticism= self denial |
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Who were 3 medieval writers?
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-St. Augustine
-Peter Abelard -Thomas Aqunias |
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Who was St.Augustine?
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-Born in North Africa, big family
1.Manichean= Persian tradition of dualism: metaphysical and physical worlds (MP is good) 2.Neo-platonism= philosophical belief in god, everything that exists precedes from god 3.Christianity=wrote City of God about absolute and eternal truth, instinctive knowledge planted by god, predetermination, and Confessions: autobio, all-knowing single god, sinners by nature |
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What was Peter Abelard?
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-Sic et Non= "yes and no", criticism of patristic teachers
-The History of My Calamities= tells his story -Rationalist, truth is reached through questioning and examination (challenges Christianity) -University of Paris= surpassed his teachers (arrogant) -Letters between him and Eloise (intellectual) |
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What was Thomas Aquinas?
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-Dominican Friar
-Summa Theologica= men and women had free will -Surpasses Augustine -Scholasticism= from his works, harmonize faith and reason, philosophy serves theology -Rationalist, authoritarian (never questions scriptures), ethical (try to be good) -Universe is static= non-changing |
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Who was Pope Innocent III?
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-4th Lateran Council= furthered idea of freewill to effect salvation, established 7 sacraments, faith and good works to salvation
-Eucharist= bread and wine is literal, only priest can preform -Marks church hierarchy (must have priest to be saved) |
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What were humanizing elements of the church?
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1. Franciscan order= Friars, doing good in temporal world, by St. Francis, all things sacred, mendicant (begging), criticized church for being to ritualistic, should back to gospels
2. Dominican order= by St. Dominic, zealot (religious at expense of others), set up Inquisition -Veneration of Saints= connection with god, allowed ppl to connect -Veneration of Mary= goddess, "Queen of Heaven", iconagraphy, feminist, she had empathy |
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Who was Dante?
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-The Divine Comedy= in Tuscan, made Tuscan basis for Italian
-3 books= Inferno (Virgil is guide, 9 circles), Pergatorio (Beatrice is guide, perge sins), Paradisio (Beatrice, heaven) |
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Who was Barbara Tuckman?
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-The Calamities of 14th C
1. Bubonic plague= waves, worst in 14th C, 1/3 population dead, god was angry (punishment), move to aethticism or indulging (eat drink be merry) 2. Babylonian Captivity= King captures Pope from Rome to Avigon, Rome lost prestige, leads to Great Schism (ppl keep dying of plague) |
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What did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
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1. Classical heritage= access to classics, scribes and scholars
2. Geography= Meditaranian, Middle East access, Venice as major port 3. Major Universities= schools 4. City-States= in competition, war created good competition |
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What is humanism?
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-Philosophical movement associated w/ Renaissance, emphasis on human values and classics
-Liberal arts= grammar, rhetoric (seek truth), poetry, morals, history -Virtú= people should live a virtuous life, Renaissance man -Rejected Medieval scholasticism, too rigid, didn't allow for growth |
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Who are two humanists writers?
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-Petrarch= father of humanism, used Tuscan dialect, Christian but not consuming (beauty of nature), introspective in Secretum (dialogue with Augustine), 1st Modern Scholar, Reviver of Classics
-Boccario= Florentine, wrote The Decameron: 10 teenagers during height of plague, 10 stories from each person, anti-clerical, vulgar, justified carnal (animal) life |
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Who were the members of the Medici family?
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-Giovanni= 1st powerful, banker to Papal Court, settled banking industry in Florence
-Cosimo= inherited wealth, continued banking, educated in classics -Lorenzo= "magnificent", lower classes had decent standard of living, strong diplomat and patron of arts, but neglected banking person $ hurt |
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Who was Savanarola?
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-Demagogue, burned at stake
-Focal point of teachings= Augustinian monk teachings, fear kept ppl from sinning -Joins Dominican order -Book of Revolation= apoliptic book, great orator -Preaches into Duomo, popular -Head of San Marco= speaks out against church(corruptions) |
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Who was Machiavelli?
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-Inspiration= Livy, wrote Discourses on Livy, read classics
-Interested in warfare, advised troops, assistant to head of state in Florence -The Prince= dedicated to Lorenzo, "evil one" made him do it Church censored it (b/c he said you can't uphold Christian morals in gov), warn free men of dangers of tyranny (satire), getting rid of French and Spanish to unify Italy, or Political Scientists= observed as things are (what worked) |
