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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Impressionism
characteristics in painting? |
-french movement developed by painters who tried to capture fleeting image
-fascination for continuous change in appearance of places/things -reaction against grandiose imagery, dramatic action -opposed to “photographic realism” -ex. Monet, Degas, Renoir Impressionist characteristics in painting: -soft pastel hues, mixed washes of colour, hazy, indistinct painting, sketchy surface, pleasant subjects, idealized images of Paris |
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Avant garde
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questions fundamental assumptions or serves as an example of a particular philosophical stance
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Symbolist poetry
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-french movement in literature
-poetry suggestive of images, setting, ideas and moods without detailed description/narrative action -focuses on pleasant, evocative sounds of words -celebration of french language as sound, NOT NON-SENSICAL |
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Debussy
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-important FRENCH composer of early 20th century
-frequented stylish Parisian literary salons where symbolist writers gathered -used CHROMATIC harmonic language -was a MASTER OF ORCHESTRATION -short, lyric musical forms |
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Primitivism
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-artistic style+movement that emulated artworks of non-European cultures
-attempt to express more genuine feelings, “humanity in its infancy” -subcategory of exoticism, rejection of modern European society -Industrial Revolution resulted in urban landscape that many people found dehumanizing and “unnatural” characteristics in painting: -abandoned perspective and realism -block-like forms in simple, surreal colours -crude technique + unrealistic, sculpture-like figures -use of variety of materials (rejected classic media of sculpture) |
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Stravinsky
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-Russian-born, became famous in Paris
-Important 20th century composer of Western art music -commissioned to write 3 important ballets for the BALLET RUSSE -at start of WW11 moved to the U.S. |
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“Rite of Spring”
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-ballet written by Stravinsky
-Ballet Russe performed word premiere in Paris, 1913 -audience was shocked and scandalized, used to refined grace and exotic music of French, late romantic ballet -famous riot at premiere |
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polytonal
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-simultaneous juxtaposition of 2 or more different key areas in different parts of the orchestra
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commision
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-sum of money paid to an artist/composer in advance to facilitate the creation of a new work for a specific ensemble/performance/occasion
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Neoclassicism
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-reaction against romanticism and impressionism
-imitated aspects of 18th-century music (High Baroque Era) - horrors of WW1 eliminated European culture, neoclassicism was a reaction against aspects of previous romantic aesthetic (ex. Nationalism and focus on subjective personal expression) -preference for non-programmatic genres -objective musical expression free from non-musical associations |
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Expressionism
characteristics in painting? |
-popular in Germany and Scandinavia
-stresses intense, subjective emotion or some intense/deranged psychological state -stylistic reaction against pleasant subjects and soft pastel colours of impressionism -form of social protest, depicts horrors of war, poverty and disease, inhumanity of men in WW1 characteristics in painting: -bright, clashing colours, infused with darkness, colours that were “wrong”, disturbing and suggestive of psychic violence -distortions of colour and form to create a sense of unease expressionist painters? Munch + Kirchner |
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The Second Viennese School
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-Schoenberg, Webern, Berg
-expressionist composers |
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Schoenberg
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-20th century JEWISH composer
-modernist music trends - “Master” of Second Viennese School, teacher of Webern and Berg -abandoned tonality, creating atonal music -music rejected by many -emigrated to US when Nazis took over Europe, music banned by Nazis |
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atonal music
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-music in which composer purposefully avoids any sense of a tonal center (music with no key/no tonic)
-usually very dissonant and chaotic sounding |
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sprechstimme
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- “speech voice”, vocalist uses timbre of regular speech but follows the melodic contour/rhythm notated in the music
-creates eerie effect, vocal setting is like recitative |
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12-tone music/serial music
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-created by Schoenberg
rules : 1. musical pitches must be used in a particular order 2. once used, no pitch may be used again until all 12 have been heard advantages: -ordered cycling of pitches assures that n single pitch will be emphasized too strongly/sound like a tonic -guarantees an intellectual and aural cohesion |
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12-tone row
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-ordered row of a twelve-tone composition
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4 forms/permutations of a the tone row:
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prime form
-original form of the row (basis for other 3 forms) retrograde -the prime form of the row backwards inversion -row form created by inverting every interval in the prime form of the row retrograde inversion -inversion row form backwards |
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how many possible row forms are there in 12-tone compositions?
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48
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Ives
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-American composer
-early attempts to have music performed/published failed -revised his pieces, original and avant-garde -celebrated as thoroughly “American” |
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Bartok
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-Hungarian composer
-composed Hungarian folk songs, inspiration from heritage -immigrated to U.S. expanded studies of ethnic music (ethnomusicology) -neglected in U.S. but received commissions late in life -modernist style -harmonically innovative, used dissonance **rhythmically innovations -individual approach to neoclassicism |
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Ethnomusicology
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-scientific study of music from non-Western cultures
-origins in nationalism and primitivism |
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Webern
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-part of Second Viennese School, studied under Schoenberg
**music is most ABSTRACT of Second Viennese School composers -career ruined by Nazi's who banned work as degenerate art -many works are miniatures and have aphoristic style -delicate textures + manipulations of bowed string instruments -composed 12-tone/serial works |
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pizzicato
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-plucking the strings of a bowed string instrument
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Boulez
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-french composer, avant-garde
-part of the “Darmstadt School” in Germany -used integral serialism |
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Darmstadt School
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summer music program in Darmstadt Germany, composed of avant-garde composers
- Boulez was member (other composers: Nono, Berio, Stockhausen) |
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integral serialism
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-expanded serial procedures beyond pitch to control all musical parameters (not only pitch but rhythm, dynamics, instrumentation, form, etc)
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Cage
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-American avant-garde composer, student of Schoenberg
-early composer for percussion ensemble -invented PREPARED PIANO |
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prepared piano
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-extended technique for piano
-inserting objects between the piano's strings according to composer's instructions |
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aleatoric music/indeterminacy/chance music
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-allow inclusion of any sounds into a musical work, even those that seem as “noise” or “accidental” during the performance
-chance elements come into play during composition, during performance or both |
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electroacoustic music
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-originated in Western art music after WWII
-incorporation of electric sound production into compositional practice |
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musique concrete
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-tape music based on natural or “concrete” sounds, ex. a piano or a train=exist in the real world
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four ‘classic’ manipulations of taped sound:
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‘filtering out’ portions of the sound (physically cutting tape through use of filters)
‘overdubbing’ (combining different sounds) manipulation of playback speed 'sound/tape reversal' (playing sound backwards) |
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How is musique concrete distinguished from electronic music?
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-electronic music is constructed of sounds that are produced artificially, rather than relying on natural sounds
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electronic music
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-composers constructed their own sound material artificially and controlled the timbre of musical sounds
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additive synthesis
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-sounds are created by combining sine waves in order to create artificial overtone structures and therefore NEW TIMBRES
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subtractive synthesis
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-components of a complex sound are filtered out to produce new timbres
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sine wave + sine-wave generator
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-sine wave: “pure” pitches with no overtones, generated electrically by sine-wave generators
-sine-wave generators: electronic sound-producing device producing sine waves |
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white noise / white-noise generator
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white noise: electronically generated sound which contains the entire audible spectrum of frequencies, generated by white-noise generators (electronic sound-producing devices)
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poème électronique
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-electronic work created by Varèse
-Philips Pavilion was shaped like stomach -poem was synchronized to film of black&white photographs -changing coloured lights, hundreds of speakers |
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sound-mass composition
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-avoid conventional melody, harmony, and rhythm in favour of “sound masses”
with sliding/merging orchestral clusters -creates succession of timbers that can be static or dynamic or both simultaneously |
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micropolyphony
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-textual effect in which individual parts are lost within a complexity of sonic activity
(often made by having individual instruments within a large ensemble play imitative/non-imitative polyphony) |
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when was the birth of cinema?
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-Paris in 1895
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film score vs. “scoring a film”
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-film score=genre
-“scoring a film”=act of creating a film score |
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4 basic functions of movie music
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-establishes mood of scene or characters
-sets time and place of action -”running counter to the action” (music inappropriate for/emotionally distant from dramatic action) -character establishment/development |
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leitmotifs
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-musical motives that symbolize/associated with a particular character, scene, situation, etc.
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2 principal types of film music
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-source music= music that comes from a source that is part of the action of the movie
-underscoring= music that comes from an unseen source and “outside” the action of the movie |
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Tan Dun
his music style? |
-leading figure in “New Wave” of Chinese composers
-Chinese government banned public performance of his work, then celebrated -came to U.S., international artist -won Academy Award for film score of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon music style: -combines Western ensembles. Genres and styles with traditional Chinese instruments, harmonies, rhythms, and aesthetic concepts -Western influences of style are diverse -works inspired by nature, Chinese philosophy, mysticism + contain ritualistic elements -works often feature theatrical elements (ex. Lighting, staging, musicians perform extra-musical activities) |
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pipa
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traditional Chinese string instrument
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“New Wave” of Chinese composers
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-explored aspects of modern, avant-garde Western art music
-Tan Dun was leading figure |
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minimalism
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-characterized by incessant repetition of short musical motives
-melodic, rhythmic and harmonic patterns often repeated for long periods of time -phase shifting (slow rhythmic change) -usually sound very consonant -influenced by musical and visual arts of India, China, Indonesia and rhythms of African music -extreme reduction of materials to simple, basic components |
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Pärt
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-Estonian, sacred works found in Eastern Orthodox Christian Faith
-Spiritual minimalism=emphasis on spirituality+minimalist techniques |
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When was WWI? WWII?
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WWI 1914-1918
WWII 1939-1945 |
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Wozzeck
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-famous opera by Berg
-based on German playwright of Büchner 20th century masterpiece + atonal opera synopsis: -Wozzeck is a poor soldier who suffers from paranoid delusions, Marie is his mistress who is mother of his son (can't afford to get married) -Wozzeck is tormented by frightening visions -Marie admires Drum-major in military parade and sleeps with him, then chastises herself for her infidelity -Wozzeck confronts Marie, she admits, he sees her dancing with the Drum-major -Wozzeck kills Marie by a pond out of jealousy, returns to murder scene and drowns in the pond |
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postminimalism
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-keeps the accessibility and transparency of earlier classic minimalism, but features more dynamic and active textures, faster development of musical “processes”, more complex neo-romantic harmony and a wide variety of performing media
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Wozzeck
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-famous opera by Berg
-based on German playwright of Büchner 20th century masterpiece + atonal opera synopsis: -Wozzeck is a poor soldier who suffers from paranoid delusions, Marie is his mistress who is mother of his son (can't afford to get married) -Wozzeck is tormented by frightening visions -Marie admires Drum-major in military parade and sleeps with him, then chastises herself for her infidelity -Wozzeck confronts Marie, she admits, he sees her dancing with the Drum-major -Wozzeck kills Marie by a pond out of jealousy, returns to murder scene and drowns in the pond |
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exoticism
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desire to intentionally create/celebrate a foreign national identity (or scene) within artistic creations
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music piece: 4'33''
composer + date? What style of music? |
-Cage
-1952 -inclusion of silence into musical work (aleatoric music) |
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percussion ensemble**
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-”all-sound” music
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general characteristics of art music in 20th and 21st centuries:
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-marked by individuality of expression + diversity in styles
-development of systems of harmony+ methods of composition -new rhythmic possibilities -search for new sound sources -Avant-garde aesthetic -creative manipulation of classical forms/genres -fixation on Music History -erosion of eurocentric biases (diverse musical cultures around world) |
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extended techniques
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-new uses for traditional “art-music” instruments
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nationalism
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-desire to intentionally create/celebrate own national identity within artistic creations
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quotation music
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-using borrowed and often very easily recognizable excerpts of music by other composers within a newly composed piece
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Varèse
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-composer of electronic music
-created Poeme electronique, at Philips Pavilion which was shaped like a stomach -designed complex spatialization scheme and synchronized to black and white film of pictures |
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Reich
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-well-known classic minimalist composer
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plainchant/chant/gregorian chant
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-performed in worship services of the Roman Catholic Church
-latin and sacred text -nonmetrical -monophonic -based on church modes |
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Mass
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-public worship service (ex. Church)
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cantata
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-large-scale, multi-movement genre, consists of small choir, vocal soloists, orchestra and organ
-vernacular language -not dramatic like operas (no costumes, plot, acting, etc.) |
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concerto (solo)
vs. concerto grosso vs. double concerto |
solo concerto: multi-movement, large-ensemble genre for a single instrumental soloist + orchestra
concerto grosso: multi-movement genre for multiple instrumental soloists+orchestra (concerto grosso were simply titled 'concerto') double concerto: features 2 instrumental soloists and orchestra |
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oratorio
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-large-scale, multi-movement work= music drama for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra
-unlike opera there is NO acting, scenery, or costumes -secular genre=for entertainment |
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opera
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-large-scale music drama for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestral
-homophonic, it is an accompanied song -secualr texts+vernacular language -from Baroque era (created in Florence, 1600) |
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what are the 2 subgenres in Operas?
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Recitative
-song that imitates natural speech -forwards the action+dialogue of the opera -not very lyrical/melodious, sounds like speech -nonmetrical Aria -a song for solo voice -metrical (recognizable beat) -melodious or lyrical song, expresses emotion+develops character -often repeats fragments of text |
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sonata
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-multi-movement genre for instrumental soloist(s) and basso continuo
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suite/dance suite
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-multi-movement genre for orchestra only
-movements are evocative of dance types+dance-related names -Baroque era -accompanied dancing+listening entertainment |
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art song/Lied
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-genre of song composed for a solo voice with piano accompaniment
-musical setting of high-quality poem (often known to audience) 3 forms: strophic form, modified strophic form, through-composed form |
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symphony
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-mutli-movement instrumental genre for orchestra alone
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woodwind quintet
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-multi-movement genre for flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, and french horn
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string quartet
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-genre for two violins, viola, and cello
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song cycle/ Lied cycle
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-collection of art songs that are published together as a set + share other characteristics:
-related pattern of keys between songs -reappearance of musical motives -poems by same poet + related subject matter -poems represent same musical/poetic persona |
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piano quintet
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-mutli-movement genre for piano, 2 violins, viola, and cello
(string quartet+piano) |
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character piece
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-one-movement miniatures for solo piano
-evokes a mood, melodic, LYRICAL -variety of fanciful titles suggesting: improvisatory style, urban/nationalistic dance type or a mood/picturesque |
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chamber music (ex. Chamber symphony)
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-social/domestic music making
-a type of classical music for a small group of instruments -any art music that if performed with one person to a part |
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what are common ensemble terms designating number (1-9)?
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-solo
-duet -trio -quartet -quintet -sextet -septet -octet -nonet |
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When were the earliest extant musical manuscripts created?
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800 AD
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Medieval period
(date+characteristics) 2 composers + 1 piece of work |
-450-1450
-Roman Catholic Church unified Europe -earliest extant manuscripts= 800 AD -sacred music, Gregorian chants -early secular songs, monophonic + improvised with instrumental accompaniment -vernacular language -metric (rhythmic) -Notre Dame School composers: -St. Hildegard von Bingen – Columba Aspexit (Gregorian chant, monophonic, latin, sacred) -Machaut |
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Renaissance period
(date+characteristics) 2 composers + 1 piece of work |
-1450-1600
-invention of Printing Press -Lutheran Reformation -study of Greek+Roman Antiquity -Homophonic texture -Clear text + imitative polyphony -most common instrumental music= DANCES composers: Dufay- Ave maris stella (harmonized hymn, sacred Latin, homophonic) Josquin |
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Baroque period
(date+characteristics) 2 composers + 1 piece of work |
-1600-1750 (Bach's death)
-homophonic texture -Basso continuo (accompaniment) -notation contains more performance details (tempo+dynamics) -bowed strings=core of orchestra -multi-movement work -operas -dance suites + oratorios composers: Handel - “There were Shepards” from Messiah (oratorio, recitative, English vernacular, homophonic) Bach |
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Classical period
(date+characteristics) 2 composers + 1 piece of work |
-1750-1800
-Age of Enlightenment + Industrial Revolution -Rise of Middle class (decline of patronage) + Revolutionary wars -lyrical/folk-like and brief melodies -homophonic texture -structural clarity+regularity+balance -Major/Minor Tonality -String quartet+chamber music+orchestras composers: Mozart Beethoven – Symphony No. 5 in C Minor |
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Romantic period
(date+characteristics) 2 composers + 1 piece of work |
-1800-1900
-emphasizes emotion, imagination and individualism= emotional subjectivity -nature as a source of inspiration -nationalism, exoticism, program music, -chromatic harmony -public venues+salons -art songs + character pieces -french+italian opera composers: Puccini – Madama Butterfly Wagner |
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Tone poem/symphonic poem
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-one-movement work with a free form for orchestra
-genre of program music with descriptive title |
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Whole-tone scale
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scale in which notes are separated by a whole step
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Pentatonic scale
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five-pitch scale
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musical palindrome
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music that can be read in both directions
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musical symmetry
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Bartok often created symmetrical musical structures at all levels- from individual melodies to overall structure of multi-movement works
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choreography
choreographer |
composition of dance steps and sequences for ballet and stage dancing
person who composes it |
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Ballet (ballet score)
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a type of performance dance, that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of 15th century, further developed in France and Russia as a concert dance form
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vocalise
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singing exercise using syllables or vowel sounds to develop flexibility and control of pitch and tone
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polyrhythm
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simultaneous use of conflicting rhythms
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dissonance vs. consonance
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dissonance: unstable pitch combination
consonance: pitch that is the most stable |
