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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sacred vs. secular
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-sacred: made to serve for part of worship, religious
-secular: no longer religious, more mainstream |
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responsorial performance vs. antiphonal performance
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responsorial: one solo leader performs verses and the rest of the congregation answers
antiphonal: singers divided into 2 groups that took turns singing phrases of texts |
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plainchant/chant/gregorian chant
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-performed in worship services of the Roman Catholic Church
-latin and sacred text -nonmetrical -monophonic -based on church modes |
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metrical vs. nonmetrical
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metrical: has rhythm, has a beat
nonmetrical: rhythmically free + has a beat |
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Divine Office vs. Mass
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Divine Office: private worship service (ex. monastery/convent)
Mass: public worship service (ex. church) |
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Mass Proper vs. Mass Ordinary
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Mass proper: structure of material in lithurgy changes according to the day
Mass ordinary: structure of material in lithurgy always stays the same |
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Hildergard von Bingen
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-writer of religious poetry+music
-Convent abbess -her visions and prophecies made her famous throughout Europe, people asked for advice -well-educated+ powerful woman at time -musical style unusual at time (chant less limited) |
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drone
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harmonic or monophonic effect where a note/chord is held throughout most or all of the piece
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When were the earliest manuscripts of of secular music written?
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12th century
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When were the earliest manuscripts of instrumental music written?
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12th century
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When was the beginning of Notre Dame polyphony?
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12th century
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jongleur
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-musicians of common/low status
-usually illiterate -played memorized music + improvised |
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toubadour/touvere/Minnesanger
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secular poets/composers
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courtier
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-musical poetry written by men/women for entertainment in royal courts
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chanson
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french secular song
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cantus firmus
(when was it used?) |
- used in late medieval + early-renaissance music
-compositions that borrows lines from an earlier piece of music (not all of it is original) |
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Notre Dame school
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-group of composers working at/near teh Notre Dame Cathedral in France
-late 12th and 13th century -beginning of polyphonic music - |
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ars antiqua vs. ars nova
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ars nova: the 'new style', complicated, polyphonic music in 14th century
ars antiqua: older Notre Dame polyphony, 13th century |
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Guillaume da Machaut
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-poet and musician
-part of Roman Catholic Church -active in many royal courts *-main composer-poet of Ars Nova style -composed sacred+secular music *-composed earliest complete setting of Mass Ordinary |
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5 parts of Mass Ordinary
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Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus dei
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humanism
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-intellectual movement + ethical system
-based on humans and their values/needs/interests/freedom -emphasizes secular culture and rejects the sacred |
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moveable type printing press
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-1450
-invention of printing press resulted in music printing -made vocal and instrumental music more affordable+accessible |
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Lutheran Reformation vs. Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent (musical sig.) |
Lutheran Reformation:
-the seperation of the protestant Christian sects from the Roman Catholic Church (led by Martin Luther) -leads to more diversity in Christian sacred music Counter-Reformation: -Roman Catholic Church responds to revolt by reforming Church practices -wanted to regain loyalty+loss of power and wealth Council of Trent: -made general recommendations to have pure vocal style that would respect the integrity of sacred texts |
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organuum
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-earliest type of polyphony
-traditional plainchant melody+ another melody is added |
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importance of Greek and Roman antiquity
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-literate classes become fascinated with the study of Greek+Roman Antiquity
-musice of the renaissance+other arts of this period demonstrate this influence |
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word painting
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-the sound sof the music reflects the meaning of the text
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point of imitation
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-brief passage of imitative polyphony
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Dufay
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-from France
-spent much time in Italy as a musician+composer at the courts of many powerful families+major cathedrals -sacred+secular music -chants in fauxbordon stlye -Renaissance |
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Palestrina
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-organist+choirmaster at many churches
-appointed to Sistine Chapel Choir -wrote settings of Roman Catholic Mass -sacred music in the old stlye (ars antiqua) |
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Desprez
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-from France (and returned later until death)
-moved to Italy, served in royal courts -sacred+secular music -international fame -Renaissance |
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Monteverdi
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-from Italy
-composer of high Renaissance+early Baroque music (transitional composer) -sacred and secularm music -first great composer of opera |
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madrigal
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-most important secular vocal genre of late Renaissance/early baroque
-invented in Italy (16th century) - polyphonic+secular -secular poetry in vernacular language -genre of "high art", performed for royal courts |
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what was the most common type of instrumental music during the Renaissance? Second most common?
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DANCES
-dancing/listening to, dancing was a very important social activity VOCAL MUSIC |
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Why were musical players of the Renaissance practical?
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-almost no printed music before 1600 indicated specific instrumentation
-the yused instruments that were available+ that blended well together |
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monody
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-'one song'
-solo vocal melody with instrumental accompaniment |
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basso continuo a.k.a 'continuo group'
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-one or more instruments that provide an accompaniment for vocal/instrumental soloists
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Dynamics
f mf mp p < > |
-the loudness/softness of music
f=forte (play loudly) mf= mezzo forte (somewhat loudly) mp= mezzo piano (somewhat softly) p=piano (play softly) <= crescendo (gradually louder) >= decrescendo (gradually softer) |
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Tempo
(name fastest to slowest) |
-speed of the beat in music
Presto = very fast Allegro = fast Moderato = moderate rate Adagio/Andante = slow |
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When was Bach's death? What does this signify?
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1750 - the end of the Baroque Period
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improvisation
when did this begin? |
-making up music
-began in the late renaissance |
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ornamentation
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-spontaneously adding decorative notes to the music during the performance
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When was our modern conception of the orchestra developed? How?
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-In the Baroque Era
-centered around group of bowed strings (core) |
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score vs. part
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score: piece of music that shows all of the parts together on the same page
part: a piece of music that shows only a portion of the ensemble |
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solo sonata vs. trio sanata
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solo sanata: multi-movement genre for solo intrumentalist+basso continuo
OR multi-movement genre fo a solo keyboard trio sanata: multi-movement genre for TWO intrumental soloists and basso continuo |
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multi-movement work
+ movement |
-musical work under one title, which is actually composed of many seperate pieces
-they are always played together in the same order movement=each piece that makes up a multi-movement genre |
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solo concerto vs. concerto grosso
why are they so difficult to diferentiate by title? |
solo concerto: multi-movement genre for a single instrumental soloist+orchestra
concerto grosso: multi-movement genre for 2 or more instrumental soloists+ orchestra -difficult to differentiate by title because concerto grosso were simply titled 'concerto' |
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suite/baroque dance suite
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-a multi-movement genre for orchestra alone
-movements are evocative of dance types+ have dance-related names -prominent in Baroque era, highlights importance of dance during period -accompanied dancing +listening entertainment |
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Vivaldi
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-from Italy
-Baroque period -composer and conductor at a girls orphanage (orchestra and chorus were finest in Italy) -best known for concertos |
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Bach
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-German+ Lutheran
-organist and composer -worked for aristocracy -Baroque era -didn't compose operas (wasn't commissioned to do so) |
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opera
time and place of invention? |
opera:
-large-scale music drama for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra -homophonic, it is an accompanied song -use secular texts + vernacular language time+place of invention: -created in wealthy Italian courts of Florence -1600 (Baroque era) |
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libretto + librettist
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libreto: the story of test of an opera
librettist: writes the libretto (almost never the composer, but someone with poetic skills) |
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what was the main subject matter of operas? Where were they drawn from?
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-main subject matter was love, sex and violence
-drawn from myths, dramas and histories of ancient Greece and Rome (many mythical figures+gods) |
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overture
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-instrumental piece that introduces an opera
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what are the 2 subgenres in Operas?
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recitative:
-a song that imitates natural speech -forwards the action+dialogue of the opera -not very lyrical/melodious, sounds like speech -nonmetrical -usually accompanied by only 1 or 2 instruments in the basso continuo aria: -a song for solo voice (often with a larger ensemble playing the accompaniment) -metrical (recognizable beat) -melodious or lyrical song, expresses emotion + develops character -often repeats fragments of text |
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Purcell
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-Italian renaissance in England
-referred to as first great English composer -singer, organist and composer |
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lament/lament aria
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-poem expresing grief, regret or mourning
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basso ostinato/ground bass
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-musical figure that repeats over and over as an accompaniment
(other melodies occur over it) |
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traits of the baroque orchestra
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-notation contains more performance details = dynamics +tempo specified in works
-Italian composers in late Renaissance began to specify instruments in works -homophonic texture -basso continuo -centered around group of bowed strings |
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fugue
its subject? |
fugue:
-entire piece or subsection of music that employs imitative polyphony in a specific manner -written for any instrument capable of polyphonic solo playing or combination of instruments/voices subject: first musical theme of a fugue |
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cantor
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music director
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sacred cantata
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-large-scale, multi-movement genre, used in worship services of German Lutheran Churches
-not dramatic like operas (no costumes, plot, acting, etc) -consists of a small choir, vocal soloists, orchestra and organ -vernacular language |
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chorale (lutheran chorale)
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-hymn-like songs used for congregational singing in Lutheran Church
-sacred genre -congregation sung alon with choir |
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Handel
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-German
-created works in every genre -studied Italian opera style in Italy + composed operas -patron allowed him to travel to England to promote music, then he moved there + became London's most important composer -composed genre of oratorio, successful with English audience |
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castrato
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-male singer castrated before puberty in order to preserve high vocal range
-most important vocal soloists in opera -commonly performed women's roles -ROCK STARS (employed by Italian churches) -today the parts composed for them are sung by women or male sopranos |
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oratorio
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-large-scale musicdrama for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra
-multi-movement workds -usually based on narrative libretto -unlike opera there is NO acting, scenery, or costumes -secular genre= for entertainment (in opera theatre or other large public venue) |
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What are the ranges of the human voice?
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soprano, alto, tenor, bass
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SATB choir
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-initials of soprano, alto, tenor, bass
-these are the the voices required by a chorus to perform a specific musical work |
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Theme&Variations form vs. Ritornello form
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Theme&Variations: melody heard at beginning if followed by alternative versions of the same melody
Ritornello: music played by orchestra appears at beginning, end and several times during movement |
