Art In Imperial Rome Set 3

Front 1

Inhumation vs. Cremation

Back 1

-Cremation standard in later Republican and Julio-Claudia times
-Inhumation-->carved stone sarcophagi accepted in Trajan Era
-No obvious changes in religious practices (inhumation may be a result of a larger influence of Christianity and the idea of an afterlife for the body)

Front 2

Sarophagi: Basic Info
examples 1. Rome, 2. Athens, 3. Asia Minor

Back 2

-Displayed inside and outside mausolea
-Western: intended for tomb interiors; only 3 sided; rectangular; flat or slightly sloping lids framed by heads or masks
-New Shape: round ended or 'lenos'; evolved in later western times
-Eastern: carved on 4 sides; meant to be encircled; gabled roofs--> resembled temples & tombs of the dead
-Production veritable industry in Mediterranean in 2nd & 3rd c.; workshops in Rome, Athens, and Asia Minor

Front 3

Mythological Sarcophagi: Orestes Sarcophagus, Porta Viminalis, 132-134 (Hadrian Age 76-138 AD)

Back 3

Date: 134-140 ca.
Material: Marble
Size: 2' 11" x 7' 5/8"
Location: Outside Porta Viminalis
Style:
-standard western type (sloping lid, reliefs on front and sides)
-Myth of Orestes: Popular in Antonine era.
-Orestes appears 3 times: visiting grave of father agamemnon, defending mother Clytaemnestra & her lover, & defending himself against Erinyes

Front 4

Mythological Sarcophagus: Orestes Sarcophagus, 135 ca. (Hadrian Age 76-138 AD)

Back 4

Date: 140-150 ca.
Material: Marble
Size: 2' 7 1/2"
Style:
-standard western type (sloping lid, reliefs on front and sides)
-Myth of Orestes: Popular in Antonine era.
-Orestes appears twice: defending mother Clytaemnestra & her lover, & defending himself against Erinyes

Front 5

Mythological Sarcophagi: Niobids Sarcophagus, ca. 134-140 (Hadrian Age 76-138 AD)

Back 5

Date: 134-140 ca.
Location: Found outside Porta Viminalis
Size: 3' 5/8" x 6' 11"
Material: Marble
Style: -1 of earliest 2nd c. sarcophagi; standard western type (sloping lid, reliefs on front and sides);
Depicts myth: retribution against Niobe for boasting she was better than Leto b/c she had more children; (right) Niobe tries to protect children, (left) husband raises shield; (short end above) mourning deaths

Front 6

Mythological Sarcophagi: Sarrcophagus with battle between the Greek and the Amazons, 140-150, Museo Capitolino (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 6

Location: From Via Collatina, Rome
Date: 150 ca.
Size: 2' 1 5/8" x 8' 2"
Material: Marble
Style:
-Battle Sarcophagus (displays manly virtue of valor & unending military campaigns of 2nd c.)
-Mythological (no battle ever occurred); ragging battle on sides, dejected amazons on lid
-Amazons= prominent in Greek art; allegories for historical events
--> connection between amazonian battle & Antonine warfare (evident in 2 figures of victory [front left & right])

Front 7

Mythological Sarcophagi: Sarcophagus with the battle between Greek and Gauls, 170 ca., Museo Capitolino (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 7

Location: From Via Appia, Rome
Date: 160-170 ca.
Material: Marble
Size: 4' 1 1/4" x 6' 11"
Style:
-Battle Sarcophagus (displays manly virtue of valor & unending military campaigns of 2nd c.)
-Legendary historical battle
-Lid: seated captured Gauls (depicted similarly to Amazons); below heavily armed Greeks; inevitable victory;
-Similar motifs to the reliefs of the Tiberian arch

Front 8

Battle Sarcophagi: Antonine Age: Portonaccio Sarcophagus, 180-190 (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 8

-All surviving Battle Sarcophagus date to last 3 decades of 2nd c. (Military preoccupations of Marcus Aurelius)
-Most housed remains of Military commanders and soldiers
-scenes spread main body of sarcophagus sometimes onto lid; close in subject matter, format, and style, to scenes in state relief sculpture
Location: From Via Tiburtina, Portonaccio
Date: 180-190 ca.
Material: Marble
Size: 3' 8 7/8" x 7' 10 1/8"
Style:
-Battle Sarcophagus
-Made in workshops for purchase to anyone (no distinguishable portraits of deceased)
-Central figure: faceless general battling barbarians (similar motif to Trajan battling Dacians; however composition similar to column of Marcus Aurelius [tiers of figures spread over full height])

Front 9

Biographical Sarcophagi: Clementia Sarcophagus, ca.170 (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 9

-Allusion to battle, but no scenes of battle
-Scenes from both public and private life: Roman general scenes of clementia
-Major events are highlighted in shorthand vignettes
-Scenes meant to encapsulate the deceased's virtus, clementia, pietas, and concordia

Front 10

Biographical Sarcophagus: Marriage Sarcophagus, ca 170, Mantua (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 10

-Allusion to battle, but no scenes of battle
-Scenes from both public and private life: Roman general portrayed in scenes of clementia, sacrifice, and marriage (combination of scenes)
-Major events are highlighted in shorthand vignettes
-Scenes meant to encapsulate the deceased's virtus, clementia, pietas, and concordia

Front 11

Biographical Sarcophagus: Sarcophagus of a shoemaker, Ostia, Trajanic

Back 11

-Scenes from both public and private life: life of a shoemaker
-Major events are highlighted in shorthand vignettes
-Inscription plaque with an epitaph, that states that the sarcophagus was dedicated by Lucius Atilius Artemas and Claudia Apphias in honor of their friend, Titus Flavius Trophimas

Front 12

Mythological Sarcophagus: Melfi Sarcophagus, 165-170 (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 12

Title: Sarcophagus with kline portrait of a woman
Location: From Rapolla, near Melfi
Date: 165-170 ca.
Material: Marble
Size: 5' 7"
Style: -Asiatic type of Sarcophagus (statuesque figures on all 4 sides
Depicted: major Greek gods

Front 13

Mythological Sarcophagus: Meleager Sarcophagus, ca. 180 (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 13

Location: From Rome
Date: 180 ca.
Material: Marble
Size: 3' 1" x 8' 1 1/4"
Style:
-Greek figure Meleager (model of valor)
-western sarcophagus
-Popular as a result of Hadrian (made hunting popular)

Front 14

Mythological Sarcophagus: Meleager Sarcophagus, ca. 200

Back 14

Location: From Eleusis, Greece
Date: 200 ca.
Material: Marble
Style:
-Greek figure Meleager (model of valor)
-eastern sarcophagus (standard gable roofed lid of eastern sarcophagi)
-Popular as a result of Hadrian (made hunting popular)

Front 15

Dionysiac Sarcophagi: CA. 180 (Antonine Age: 138-193)

Back 15

-In a group of 10 found in 1855 in 2 chambers of a large tomb belonging to the Calpurnii Pisones in a cemetery of the Via Salaria
-

Front 16

Egyptian Mummies: Mummy of Artemidorous 100-120

Back 16

-Found in Site called Valley of the Golden Mummies
Location: Hawara, Egypt
Date: 100-120 ca.
Material: Mummy case: stucco with gold leaf; Portrait: Encaustic on wood
Preservation: fully preserved
Size: apx. 5' 7 1/4"
Style:
-Portraits likely painted when alive and cut down to fit cases
-case: Egyptian funerary motifs; largest scene bellow head: god of mummification preparing body on looked by 2 goddesses; Osiris depicted rising from bier (obvious theme of resurrection)
-Portrait: youthful (died young); wreath, hair combed (popular style in Trajan principate)

Front 17

Mummy Portrait of a priest of Serapis, ca. 140-160

Back 17

-Found in Site called Valley of the Golden Mummies
Location: From Hawara, Egypt
Date: 140-160 ca. (due to length of hair & beard)
Material: Encaustic on wood
Size: 1' 4 3/4" x 8' 3/4"
Style:
-distinctive hairstyle: 3 curly locks on forehead: adherent of cult of Serapis
-drapery basically rendered

Front 18

Mummy Portrait of a young woman, ca. 110-120

Back 18

-Found in Site called Valley of the Golden Mummies
Location: From Hawara, Egypt
Date: 110-120 ca. (based on hairstyle; early Sabina)
Material: Encaustic on wood
Size: 1' 5 1/4" x 1' 1 3/8"
Style:
-dubbed jewelery girl due to adornment
-drapery basically rendered

Front 19

Social Considerations

Back 19

-Few roman sarcophagi have been found, few have surviving epitaphs-->therefore difficult to establish patrons social position
-high cost suggests well off patrons
-aristocratic form of art
-commissioned by freedmen (taste for ostentatious funerary monuments)

Front 20

Western Sarcophagi

Back 20

-back was not carved

Front 21

eastern sarcophagi

Back 21

-rendered on all sides
-Continuous friezes

Front 22

Asia Minor Sarcophagi

Back 22

-rendered on all sides (eastern sarcophagi)
-statuesque figures between columns/ sides

Front 23

Egyptian Mummies

Back 23

-Buried in Mummy cases
-Encaustic portraits on wooden panels
-Evidence of evolution of portrait painting in antiquity