Art History Renaissance To Modern Age Exam 2

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Charles V

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Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 during era. Artists in this time such as Bernard Van Orley made portraits of him.

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Holy Roman Empire

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Complex group of territories in Central Europe that started in in the Early Middle Ages. Charles V ruled in 1519 time.

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Martin Luther

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Responsible for the birth of the Reformation. Wrote "95 Theses" listing arguments against the use and abuse of indulgences. Ended up establishing a concept of "buying way into heaven" through letting sinners practice this. Criticized church's materialistic use of art.

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Reformation

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Put an abrupt end to the unity in Western Christiandem under the Roman Catholic church in early 16th century. Began in Germany but quickly spread through out Europe as a response to the growing sense of corruption and administrative abuse in the church. Art was revolutionized - artist portrayed the church in light of the reformation.

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Iconoclasm

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The destruction of religious icons/images for religious or political motives.

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Woodcut

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Form of relief print making technique. Raised parts have ink, can only get so many prints because wood. Engraving on metal plate lasts longer and offers many more uses than the wood.

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Momento mori or vanitas (reminder of death)

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An artwork to remind the viewer of their mortality and of the shortness and fragility of human life.

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Natural philosophy

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Philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science.

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Elckerlijk: "the Everyman"

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Bernard van Orley, "Portrait of Charles V" 1516

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Jean Clouet, "Portrait of King Francis I" 1530

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Hans Holbein the Younger, "Portrait of King Henry VIII" 1540

Religion and politics influence during time. People buying art for a change, different from Italy. Secular themes dominating during this time - landscapes and portraits.

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Mathias Grunewald, "The Small Crucifixion" 1511/1520

Twisted body, form. Ghastly realism. Unnatural clasped hands of Mary and figure on right. Unusual to be portrayed in night time scene.

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Mathias Grunewald, "Isenheim Altarpiece" 1515

St. Sebastian on left, St. Anthony pictured on right. Overwhelming size, shows gruesome suffering. Lacerated marks all over Christ's body.

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Mathias Grunewald, "Isenheim Altarpiece" 1515

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Hans Baldung Grien, "Witches' Sabath" 1510

Chiaroscuro woodcut.

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Hans Baldung Grien, "Death and the Maiden" 1509-11

Pale beautiful woman looks in mirror but sees the deathly old scary woman behind her. Leg in contraposto stance. Death holding drape, circles woman and goes down to baby. Death holds hourglass in other hand. Shows different ages while death is hourglass signifies that death is upon this woman.

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Albrecht Durer, "Self-Portrait" 1500

Very conspicuous portrait of himself - fur coat, clean without paint or evidence of labor. Sees himself as upscale here. Enlarged eyes - pose and eyes, Christ like especially in Byzantine works is evident; portrayal of himself has this Christ like quality.

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Albrecht Durer, "Adam and Eve" 1504

Engraving. Engraved with perfect proportions of human figure - very apparent in perfect measurements of this piece. Texture of this piece is very appealing. Cliff and goat in background - metaphor for concept of unbelieving. Rabbit-sanguine. Ox-vice of laziness, gluttony. Elk- melancholy, despaired easily. Cat-associated with Eve. Shows how situation is her fault. Simple subject with complex interpretation in accordance to natural philosophical analysis.

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Albrecht Durer, "Melancholia" 1514

Confidence that what one has to create something is the same element that can tear you down. Melancholy can give you creativity, can be a good thing. Artist is alone, outside society concept is based off this foundations of melancholy artist and interpretations. Traditional way of showing the action of thinking in this piece. Important idea of melancholy - foreshadowing of art and art concepts to come.

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Lucas Cranach, "Judgement of Paris" 1530

A lot like Durer. Many portraits of Luther. Workshop successful because of secular theme and portraits. This painting - Paris and 3 goddesses, medieval and classical stories. Story of judgment of Paris unravels in dream. Paris shown sitting - contemporary armor. Goddesses- chunky necklaces, popular fashion for time period. Venus - wins decision, rigged by Cupid her son, that she's most beautiful. Secular themes for these different patrons.

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Hans Holbein the Younger, "Portrait of King Henry VIII" 1540

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Hans Holbein the Younger, "The French Ambassadors" 1533

Painting got King's attention. Left - French Ambassador of England. Chain worn shows that he is apart of the order of St. Michael. Right - George Bishop. Prominent positions. Furniture called "what not". Skull shown in painting if looked at from specific angle.

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Hans Holbein the Younger, "Edward VI as a Child" 1538

Resembles father. Gift to king by painter.

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Hieronymous Bosch, "Death of a Miser" 1500

Portrays last moments of a man who values money more than anything else.

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Hieronymous Bosch, "Garden of Earthly Delights" 1510-15

Left wing- own in center of fountain - symbol of knowing evil. Creation of Adam and Eve on left. Right wing - hell is portrayed, vices dominate human kinds nature and what happens from living a bad/sinful life. Good/fun things on earth are torture in hell. Center panel is between heaven and hell. Dedicated to wordily pleasures. All same age in center-no young no old. Adam and Eve shown not doing everything they maybe should be doing. Fruit shown but only the kind that goes bad quickly - symbolic nature of life. Bubble of people - "happiness is like glass, glass soon breaks" idea

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Quentin Massys, "Money Changer and his Wife" 1514

Both subjects shown in outdated outfits - portrays old people. Secular painting. Man is weight jewelry and gold which is distracting wife from reading her book - distracting her from the sacred message.

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Quentin Massys, "Ill Matched Lovers" 1520

Moral - fool and his money are soon being parted, old age leads to foolishness.

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Pieter Aersten, "Butchers Stall" 1551

If things are well, people will be selling food/have it available. If not, then no food.

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Bruegel, "Netherlandish Proverbs" 1559

Blue color of deception - she is cheating on her husband. "Kissing under the root" - being together in a relationship living together out of wed lock. Shows a bunch of different expressions visually. Natural man - not contaminated by society/not chasing women etc.

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Bruegel, "Hunters in the Snow" 1565

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El Greco, "Burial of Count Orgaz" 1586

Material very expensive, expensive painting as a result. Greco style - unusual. Painter enamored with his fluid style; very notable/recognized by strong light to dark contrast, chiaroscuro.

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Mathias Grunewald

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Little known about this man, much speculation as to his religious conviction. Inventory in the contents of his estate contained writings of Martin Luther. Patrons were devout orthodox Christians.

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Hans Baldung Grien

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Made living by developing different subjects for secular patrons. Last name was old fashioned way of spelling "green". Usual background and professional training. Went to Nuremberg, associated with Durer's workshop. Family life- father was attorney for Bishop of Strasburg, uncle was physician for holy roman empire, brother was professor at university.

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Albrecht Durer

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Sometimes called Leonardo of the North. Associated with most influential intellectuals of his time. Accomplished graphic artist, able to create highly successful print workshop and earned a good living. Explored mythological themes. Interested in renaissance theory, classical proportions, and linear perspective. Wrote studies on human proportion.

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Lucas Cranach

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Has been called the chief artist of Reformation. Early in his career he was attracted to circles of humanists. Designed Lutheran altars and illustrated Luther's bible translations. Painted and engraved several portraits of Luther. Specialized in portraits. Successful workshop because it catered to revised tastes of post-Reformation German patrons. Known for unusual treatment of secular themes.

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Hans Holbein the Younger

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Son of Augsburg painter Hans Holbein the Elder, who probably gave him his first training. Traveled to Italy in about 1519, and art of the Italy seems to have inspired his classic monumentality of his own style. Known primarily for his portraiture. Merges the Northern eye for detail with 16th c. Italian expectation for portraiture:it should convey inner qualities of the sitter.

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The Netherlands

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Demise of duchy Burgundy in 1477. Region divided between France and Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became economic center. Second half of 16th century Phillip II of Spain (Charles V's Son) ruled cruelly. Forced Conversion of Catholicism.

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Hieronymous Bosch

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Know little about his life. Active member of Catholic Church. Came from family of painters, wife was a patrician lady, daughter of pharmacists. We know little of his patrons. Characterized as a painter bitter of social polemic, heretic, and clever punster who tricks viewer with play on words and images. Also known as highly intellectual painter for secular patrons.

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Renaissance Vs Baroq Style

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Renaissance - Linear; drawing is emphasized, forms parallel to picture plane, box like plane; actors do not emerge, forms are solid and self contained, every part very articulated so figure could stand alone, composition closed by effects of formal balance.

Baroq - painterly; volumed and outlines emerge, creation of depth by dramatic diagonals, outer limits of forms may fade away into shadow, parts dependent on each other and are meaningless if alone, dramatic shadows and brilliant spot lighting.

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Counter Reformation and Council of Trent

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Roman Catholic church responded to the Protestant challenge. Called series of meetings - council of Trent. Purpose was to correct corruption or certain disciplines or practices of church, reassert church position, and discuss matters of doctrine in light of Luther's revisionist theology.

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Council Reformation and Council of Trent and their discussion of the making and use of images

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Christ, Mary, and Saints are to be honored not because they are idols and adored because they refer to the "original which they represent". Images can be used to instruct the devoted, remind of the stories and articles of faith. Style- there should be no "base profit" or sensual appeal in these images. Images should conform to church doctrine. No intricate symbolism. Must communicate in straight forward way for the faithful to understand.

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Gian Lorenzo Bernini

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Trained as sculptor in father's studio, considered most outstanding sculptor of the 17th century. Had formative influence on the development of Italian Baroque style. Combined sculpture, painting, and architecture. Most fervently expressed the the vision of the Catholic Counter Reformation church than any other artist. Unbelievably long career.

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Borromini

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From family of building workers. Worked with Maderno on New St. Peters. Work had enormous influence on later Baroque artists.

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Annibale Caracci

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Native of Bologna, eventually goes to Rome. Set out to transform Italian painting - 1 of total 3 in family to do so. Founded an art academy with these relatives in Bologna and taught students to reject artificiality of mannerism - painting what you see outside, sketch and learn from your surroundings. Preferred balance and clarity of Renaissance painting style.

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Spain

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Hapsburg Kings had a dynastic state: Portugal, part of Italy, Netherlands, and New World holdings. Rule began to decline in 17th century. Tradition of art patronage, began by Charles V, conintued by Philip II allowed visual art toflourish at court

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Jose de Ribera

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Spanish painter and printmaker, active in Italy, where he spent his entire career. First works show influence of northern followers of Carvaggio active in Rome. Ribera's naturalism is tempered, however, by a monumentality of the human figure.

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Diego Velazquez

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Foremost spanish painter of the Baroque age. Painted portrait for King Philip IV, King of Spain, in 1623. Studied paintings of Titian and Rubens in royal collection. Began as genre painter. Career ended as court painter for Philip IV, King of Spain.

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Baroque Style

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Broad range of styles. Generally: objects often appear diagonally in relation to the picture plane. Addresses the viewer's senses and emotions. Compositions are to be taken at first glance, but the eye may linger thereafter for details. Work suggests an instant, as if in the next moment all would have changed. Appearance takes precedence over essences: things not as they are but as they seem to be. Artist combine several media to highlife virtuosity.

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Carvaggio, "Supper at Eammaus" 1606.

Carvaggio style all about not knowing for sure what the setting is. Lights show us where to look. Left hand in center figure looks like it will come through and break the picture plane. Tests this in a dynamic way. Also see this concept in right figure. Carvaggio hated portraiture, people's paintings of faces were not interesting to him.

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St. Peter's, Donato Bramante's Plan, 1506

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St. Peter's, Antonio Sangallo's Plan, 1539

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St. Peter's, Michelangelo's Plan, 1546

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Carlo Maderno, St. Peter's, 1624-33 (toward main altar)

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St. Peter's, Interior View, at crossing

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Gianlorenzo Birnini's piazza design and colonnade, 1656-1657

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Bernini, "David" 1623

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Bernini, "Ecstasy of St. Teresa" at Cornaro Chapel, 1645-1652

Many different media combined to make this installation. Transforms whole space. Transverberation - external awareness/consciousness becoming internalized.

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Barromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 1638-1667

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Annibale Carracci, "River Landscape" 1590

Nature should be appreciated first and foremost, its not a back drop for a story.

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Annibale Carracci, "Loves of the Gods" 1597-1601

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Annibale Carracci, "Triumph of Bacchus" 1597-1601

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Carvaggio, "Calling of St. Matthew" 1597-1601

-directional lighting tells us where to look. style told what was happening. Light - ghost - arrives on scene. hard to tell if painting shows an exterior setting or interior setting - Carvaggio known for this, setting is unknown because it would deflect from the point of the narration.

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Carvaggio, "Cerasi Chapel" 1600-1601

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Carvagio, The Cerasi Chapel "The conversion of St. Paul" 1600-1601. . Caravaggio creates image that highlights the elements of the story behind whats happening in the painting. Paul in narrow strip of isolation, foreshortens figure. Carvaggio known for painting in nonconventional views. Shallow space - made you focus on intended part of the painting.

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Carvaggio, Cerasi Chapel, "Crucifixion of St. Peter" 1600-1601. Narrow pictorial stage. spot light - everything he wants us to see. shadowy manner - "tenevrism" is term for this. The way St. Peter is looking past whats in his hand (spear) shows the figure's awareness of actual painting's surroundings in the chapel due to figure's directional gaze. Mundane details show the immediateness of the piece - inherent to Carvaggio's work as a whole.

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Artemisia Gentileschi, "Judith Slaying Holoferness" 1619. Painted after/ in the style of Carvaggio - evident in dark lighting, figures close to picture plane show narration. She superseded him in influence. Trouble finding patrons because woman? Many painted this subject, subject is an old testament subject - tells story of woman who betrays her people and tells man how to get into her city. Gets him drunk at dinner and kills him, she's then seen as hero for "saving her city". Judith portrayal significant - muscular looking woman. Closest to viewers is the gaping mouth of the general. Drapery obscures scene through its rendering. Dramatic lighting guides us in narration and is significant and intended. Gruesome images like this - significant in church during this time. Also relates to her personal rate (violent and gruesome aspect of painting)

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Artemesia Gentileschi, "Self Portrait as the Allegory of Painting" 1638-1639

Uses mirrors to get an uncommon view of self - not straight on painting/mirror reflection. "Iconologia" book for painters that told you how allegorical figures should appear in painting. her portrait imitates the instructions - disheveled black hair, thin gold chain, facial expression of imaginative thought. Unusual for time to have woman painters let alone have success.

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Pietro de Cortona, "Triumph of the Barberini" Palazzo Barberini, 1633-1639

Meant to be seen from below up. Opposite of "quadroreportato" which is painted a way that its on a wall. This one - figures are foreshortened; knees, chin. Looking up on to the painting. Subject is extraordinarily complex - personification of divine providence. Bees shown - part of Barberini crest. Around space we see virtues, allegorical figures of Rome.

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Giovanni Battista Gavilli, "Glorification of the Holy Name of Jesus" 1676-1679

White figures - standing in relief. creates a framework that opens up to space (ceiling painting), angels piling around. Not narrative, more so an idea of order. Gavilli - quintessential painter of ceilings. "bell composto" also can apply in this work - multimedia components.

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Jose de Ribera, "Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew" 1634. Arm stretches is stretching boundary of St. from corner to corner. Highlight emphasizes whats happening next - he'll be skinned alive as his execution.

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Jose De Ribera, "Martyrdom of St. Phillip" 1639

Crucified upside down like St. Peper. Broken column background - symbolic of old ways of Christianity giving way to new ways. Common representation for the time.

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Diego Velazquez, "Water Carrier of Seville" 1619

Uses technique of tenebrism - light highlighting whats important.

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Diego Velazquez, "Las Meninas" 1656

Translates to "maid of honor", self portrait. Portrait of king and queen, portrait of the court, all in one. Does portray a room in the palace. Family members are identified. Mirror reflects image of king and queen - giving idea that were standing where king and queen are - concept asks: where are we standing? are we the king and queen? etc. Captures "moment in time" (baroque) anything could happen at any moment.

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Thirty Years War

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Series of wars in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. Initially a war between Protestant and Catholic states in fragmenting the Holy Roman Empire, but became bigger involving most of the great powers of Europe. Gradually became less about religion. Began because Holy Roman Empire tried to impose religious uniformity, and the Protestants opposed and got angry about their rights.

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Treaty of Westphalia

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1648, ended the Thirty Years War. Restructured Europe. Resulted in the granting of religious freedom throughout Europe. Lots of trade going on - where there is trade there is art.

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Genre Art

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Contrasts with that of portraiture, landscape, still life, religious themes, or any other traditional idolized subjects. Intimate scenes from daily life are very common subjects of genre art.

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Flanders

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Charles V retires, and Netherlands came under the yoke of Habsburg Spain. Left his son Phillip with Netherlands, Spanish Kingdom, and Italian and American possessions. Phillips actions were repressive to the Protestants, and this area broke from Spain as a result and became the Dutch Republic. Philip had extreme policies which caused civic unrest and trade became profoundly interrupted.

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Peter Paul Rubens

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Work synonymous with Flemish Baroque Art. Born in Germany where his Protestant father fled to escape persecution. Traveled to Italy, where he worked as curator and agent to Gonzaga collection. Italian art enormously influential to his style.

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Peter Paul Rubens, "Raising of the Cross" 1610-1611. 20 ft high. Image shows Christ, raising of the cross with heroic/muscular male bodies - comparable to Michelangelo concept of emotions attached to body figures. Christ- diagonal going off into space, dynamic. rippling of body parts adds drama. Guy in armor looking at Christ- Longinus - the guys that converts to christianity because Christ's blood pours on his eyes during crucification and he isn't blind anymore. Piece couldn't look more alien for what people were accustomed to during the time.

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Peter Paul Rubens, "Daniel in the Lion's Den" 1614-1616

Scale of painting lends itself to intimacy - makes viewer feel inside cave. Very Baroque. Portrays Daniel as alive and to have survived the night in lion's den. Lion rendering shows the interest in anatomy.

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Peter Paul Rubens, "Arival of Marie de Medici at Marseilles" 1622-1625

Image is ceremony of Marie's arrival ready to marry King. Allegorical representation of fame. Sea is roaring in happiness - Poseidon, sea gods etc. Triumphant archway - giving way to her arrival in France. Not realistic piece, more of an incredible piece of propaganda because it didn't reflect her actual life. Ruben does well in creating this dramatic dynamic Baroque energy here and in many of his pieces. Story - Marie known to be suspicious because King Henry was assassinated a day after her initiation as his wife. Powerful woman.

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Anthony van Dyck "Self-Portrait" 1622-1623

Mimics one of Titian's pieces, significantly in the hand rendering - space between index and middle finger looks like Titian's.

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Anthony van Dyck

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Student of Ruben at age 14. Studied Titian, shows in his art. Owned many Titian drawings.

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Anthony van Dyck, "Portrait of George Gage" 1622-1623

Same hand rendering as his own "Self-Portrait". van Dyck was friends with George Gage.

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Anthony van Dyck, "Marchesa Elena Grimaldi Cattaneo" 1623

Clothing indicates fashion and wealth. Typical aspects of van Dyck here.

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Anthony van Dyck, "Charles I Dismounted" 1635 Unusual format. Rock in foreground with inscription confirms identity of figure. Wealthy gentleman portrayed. Typical of Italian portraits - holding glove in a gloved hand. Italian way of distinguishing the pose.

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Dutch Republic

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People were trying to escape because of the heavy taxation. Lots of migration of people looking for right place to settle. 12 year truce - halted fighting.

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Frans Hals, "Archers of Saint Hadrian" 1633

Portrays one of Dutch civic malicia groups. Places figures oddly on picture plane. No one figure dominates in the piece. Large piece, figures almost life size - viewer feels like they are interacting i.e. Baroque style. Gold creates union of composition, image is monochromatic. Treating of figures creates rhythm.

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Judith Leyster, "Self Portrait" 1630

Born and raised in Harlem, knew Frans Hals. Not his student but styles are similar. White flecks give texture and "impost" aspect of her hands shows herself as painter, where Van Dyck showed him self as a gentleman. Self portrait here shows herself as affluent because of her clothing - not something an artist would paint in. Spontaneity in painting shows Baroque style. Mouth open like she is about to say something - Baroque. Painting shows her painting one of her best known pieces.

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Rembrandt van Rijn, "Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp" 1632

Studied Carvaggio. Uses tenebrism - use of intense dark and light to focus viewer where to look. Dr. Tulp holding/showing tendon in arm that controls thumb and index figure. Tulp thought this aspect of our anatomy is what makes us superior. Figures seem to illuminate. Foreground shows large anatomy textbook.

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Rembrandt van Rijn, "The Company of Captain Fran Banning Cocq (Night Watch)" 1642

Large painting and unusual one. Rembrandt does something new here. Important figures are highlighted, tenebrism again showing where to look. Baroque in terms of interaction. Can't identify light source - common for Rembrandt's work. Scene intended to focus our eyes in an innovative way, painting was very different/shocking for the time.

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Rembrandt van Rijn, "Self Portrait" 1659

Illumination again, his portrayal of himself is true - he is not trying to be anyone else as is done with van Dyck and Judith in their nice and wealthy clothing. His clothes blend into background - i.e. not really that important according to Baroque style.

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France

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Early 17th century marked by continuous foreign and civil wars. Assassination of King Henry VI left Queen Marie de'Medici as regent for 7 years.

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Hyacinthe Righaud, "Louis VIV" 1701

Glorified himself in art frequently as God Apollo. Painting painted when he was 63 years old. Wearing the most fashionable clothing. Not wearing crown - significant. Art isn't that important to the history of art.