Art History Midterm Terms 1

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Apennines

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a mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains extending c. 1,200 km (750 mi) along the length of peninsular Italy

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Tiber River

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early Rome grew 20 km inland. Natural amenities were combined with hills from whose lower slopes issued freshwater springs and whose heights made convenient refuges from floods, summer heat, and animal and human predators.

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Roman Republic

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end of 510 BC: Rome abolished her regal system and instituted a Republic where the king was replaced by 2 consuls and a range of lesser magistrates, elected annually by male citizen body. Consuls chose advisory council, The Senate. Consuls led army.

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Roman Empire

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[31 BC–476 AD] post- Roman republic period of ancient Roman civilization, autocratic form of government

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Black Figure (550

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530 BC) - in early Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a light background of natural, reddish clay, with linear details incised through the silhouettes Ex: Achilles & Ajax by Exekias

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Red Figure (530

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400 BC) - in later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details, the reverse of black-figure Ex: The Death of Sarphedon by Euphronios

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Three

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Stage Firing Process- Greek ceramic technique Temperature raised to 800 degrees Centigrade; vessels are oxidized with full access to circulating air; pots turn completely red Temperature raised to 900-950 degrees Centigrade; air vents are closed providing reducing conditions; pots turn completely black and purified slip undergoes scinteringTemperature allowed to cool down for a brief period of time; air vents opened to create oxidizing conditions; vessels turns red while figures remain black due to scintering of slip

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Relief Line

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in sculpture, figures projecting from a background of which they are part. The degree of relief is high, low, or sunken. Ex: Ara Pasis

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Dilute Glaze Line

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Purified solution of clay diluted with water to serve as a coating absorbed by the surface of the vessel

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Incision

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to cut into a surface with a sharp instrument, a method of decoration on metal and pottery

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Kouros

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naked, frontal, young, idealized manEx: New York Kouros, marble, 600 BC

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Archaic Smile

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the smile that appears on all archaic Greek statues from about 570-480 BCE. Sculptor’s way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.

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Contraposto

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the disposition of the human figure in which 1 part is turned in opposition to another part, (hips and legs 1 way, shoulders and chest other way), creating a counterpositioning of the body about its central axis. Sometimes called “weight shift” because weight of body tends to be thrown to 1 foot.Ex: Classical Sculpture: The Doryphoros- by Polykleitos

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Pathos

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conveying emotion thru physical appearance of sculpture Ex: Laocoon Group by Athenadoros: sons looking to Laocoon for help

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Fibula

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a decorative pin used to fasten garments, wrap around drapery Ex: The Regolini- Galassi Tomb

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Granulation

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working designs onto a surface with tiny granules of gold

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Repoussé

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formed in relief by beating a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face. The metal sheet is hammered into a hollow mold of wood and finished with a graver.

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Akroteria

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type of sculpture on Etruscan temples on ridgepole rather than pedimentEx: The temple of Apollo at Veii features a combat between Apollo and Herakles over the hind of Diana

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Tumulus

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Latin “burial mound”, in Etruscan architecture covers 1 or more subterranean multichambered tombs cut out of local tufa (limestone)Ex: The Regolini- Galassi Tomb- by Sorbo Necropolis, Cerveteri ca. 650-630 BC

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Tumulus

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consists of 3 things:1) masonry drum2) with long entry way: dromos3) mound of earth over top of it, rounded hill

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Etrusco

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Italic Temple-Ex: Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Capitoline Hill, Rome, 509 BC

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Podium

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Tripartite Cella

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nave with side aisles

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Templum

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bounded space from which omens could be observed; over time came to mean an architectural complex tailored to needs of augury Ex: The Belvedere Temple, Oriveto (outdoors we climbed up)

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Augur

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priests trained in Disciplina Etrusca to systematize augury (interpretation of signs by Gods), could cause political mechanisms of the state to halt because of unfavorable omens

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Sima

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where Etruscans placed sculpture in a temple, carved with décor (Belvedere)

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Antefix

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sculpted human heads in ses shell border directs rain water, forms gutters on top of roofEx: Belvedere Temple

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Die Tomb

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Tholos

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a temple with a circular plan.

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Oculus

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Latin “eye.” Round, central opening of a dome; small round window in Gothic cathedralEx: Pantheon, Rome

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Aggregate

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Coffering

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a sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling

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Monolithic

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stone column shaft that is all 1 piece; a large, single block or piece of stone used in megalithic structures; a colossal statue carved from 1 piece of stone

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Dome

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a hemispherical vault, theoretically, an arch rotated on its vertical axis

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Barrel Vault

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semicyndrical in cross-section, a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, over an oblong space

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Groin Vault

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formed at the point at which 2 barrel vaults intersect at right angles

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Annular Vault

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Poliadic Temple

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Triumphal Procession

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the route of triumphal processions

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Curia

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an assembly, council, or court, in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decisions made. meeting places where various assemblies gathered, especially the meeting house of the senate.

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Comitium

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the area in front of the Senate House. In Republican times was chief place of elected political assembly, inaugurated space delimited towards Forum by series of ritual pits, whose positions were carefully recorded in early Imperial pavings of the square. Ex: seen at the Roman Forum, Rome

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Basilica

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in Roman architecture, a public building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with entrance on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church like Roman basilica, usually entered from 1 end with an apse at otherEx: Basilica di S Sabina, Christian Rome

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Forum

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the public square of an ancient Roman city (Forum Romana, Rome)

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Apotheosis

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elevated to the rank of gods, or the ascent to heaven

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Serial Representation

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same figure depicted multiple times in 1 panel Ex: Trajan’s

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