Art History I Exam 1

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Circa:

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approximate date

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BCE:
CE:

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Before common era
Common era

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Paleolithic:

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Old stone age

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Neolithic:

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New stone age

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Free standing sculpture/Sculpture in the round:

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Not attached to any other surface (except maybe the base)

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Relief sculpture:

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At least partially attached to the background surface

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Twisted perspective/Composite view:

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representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally

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Why doesn't the Woman from Willendorf represent Venus?

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Doesn't actually tie to Venus; not "perfect/beautiful" like other representations

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Stylized:

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Most basic forms but still recognizable; opposite of naturalism

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Post and lintel:
Example:

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a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them.
Stonehenge

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Prehistoric:
Lion-Human, from Hohlenstein-Stadel , Germany, c. 30,000-26,000 BCE, mammoth ivory,

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Prehistoric:
Woman from Willendorf, c. 24,000 BCE, limestone,

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Prehistoric:
Spotted Horses and Human Hands, Peche-Merle Cave, France; Horses c. 25,000-24,000 BCE; hands c. 15,000 BCE, paint on limestone,

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Prehistoric:
Bird-headed man with bison, Lascaux, France, c. 15,000 BCE, paint on limestone,

*First narrative

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Prehistoric:
Bison, Le Tuc d’Audoubert, France, c. 13,000 BCE, unbaked clay,

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Prehistoric:
Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, c. 2900-1500 BCE

*Earliest monumental ceremonial architecture

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Prehistoric:
Human Figure, Ain Ghazal, Jordan, c. 6500 BCE, fired lime plaster, with cowrie shell, bitumen, and paint,

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Main reason neolithic was different than paleolithic:

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More agriculture, domestication, and using resources.

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The Fertile Crescent:

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region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape

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Mesopotamia:

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"Between the rivers" (Tigris & Euphrates)
another word for the Fertile Crescent

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Cuneiform:

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a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. Mostly on clay tablets

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Ancient Near East time period is no longer pre-history due to:

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Writing

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Time period with the most surviving text until printing press:

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Ancient Near East

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Axiality/Axial Summetry:

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symmetry around an axis; an object is axiallysymmetric if its appearance is unchanged if rotated around an axis.

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Register:

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a vertical level in a work that consists of several levels, especially where the levels are clearly separated by lines; modern comic books typically use similar conventions

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Ground line:

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A horizontal line representing the ground and showing gravity in ancient narrative works; works so objects & figures are not floating in space.

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Votive:

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Created to be an offering to the gods.

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Ziggurat:

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"to build on a raised area"
Stairway at the base of a raised temple

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Stele:

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a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected as a monument, very often for funerary or commemorative purposes

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2 definitions for Stylized:

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1. Reduction to basic forms

2. repetitive geometric forms

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Hierarchic scale:

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unnatural proportion or scale to depict the relative importance of the figures in the artwork.

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Carved vessel, from Uruk (present day Warka, Iraq) c. 3300-3000 BCE, alabaster,

-offering to a goddess depicting that.
-ground line, registers, hierarchic scale

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Twelve Votive Figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (present day Tell Asmar, Iraq,) c. 2900-2600 BCE, limestone, alabaster, and gypsum,

-Found in waiting room of temple
-inscriptions of gods/goddesses to which dedicated

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Ancient Near Eastern:
The Great Lyre with Bull’s Head, from the Royal Tomb, Ur (present day Muqaiyir, Iraq), c. 2600-2500 BCE, wood with gold, silver, lapis lazuli, bitumen, and shell,

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (present day Muqaiyir, Iraq), c. 2100-2050 BCE

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Stele of Naram-Sin, from Susa (present day Shush, Iran), c. 2254-2218 BCE, limestone,

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Stele of Hammurabi, from Susa (present day Shush, Iran), c. 1792-1750 BCE, basalt,

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Guardian Figures (Lamassi, Man-Headed Winged Bull)s, from the Citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (present day Khorsabad, Iraq), c. 721-706 BCE, limestone,

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions, relief from the Palace of Assurnasirpal II, Kalhu (present-day Nimrud, Iraq), c. 875-860 BCE, alabaster,

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Enemies Crossing the Euphrates to Escape Assyrian archers, relief from the palace of Assurnarsirpal II, Kalhu (present-day Nimrud, Iraq), c. 875-860 BCE, alabaster,

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Ancient Near Eastern:
Ishtar Gate (restored) from Babylon (present day Babil, Iraq), c. 575 BCE, glazed brick,

-blue bricks = wealth

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Basis of Egyptian culture:

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The Nile River

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Hieroglyphics:

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a stylized picture of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound, in ancient Egyptian

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Locations of upper egypt & lower egypt:

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upper: South
Lower: North

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Palette:

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Used to grind up pigment for eyes

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How was the palette on the Palette of Narmer used?

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It wasn't. Not a functional palette.

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Canon of Proportions:

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Egyptian art form of using the fist as a unit of measurement.

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Mastaba:

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ancient Egyptian tomb rectangular in shape with sloping sides and a flat roof, consisting of an underground burial chamber with rooms above it (at ground level) in which to store offerings.

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Ka/Ka statue:

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ancient Egyptian statue intended to provide a resting place for the ka (life-force or spirit) of the person after death.

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Engaged Columns:

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columnembedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall

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Pillar:

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Verticle supporting structire, square in shape

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Column:

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Vertical supporting structure, round in shape

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Colonnade:

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A row or series of columns/pillars

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Damnatio Memoriae:

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"condemnation of memory", meaning that a person must not be remembered after death

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Pylon:

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A monumental entry way into a temple

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Hypostyle Hall:

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a large room with columns. Most of the room was dark except for the center aisle which was lit by small windows cut into the roof.

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Sunken Relief:

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sculptural relief in which the outlines of modeled forms are engraved in a surface. Positive image is carved into the stone.

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Ancient Egyptian:
Palette of Narmer, Hierakonpolis, Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE, slate

NOT FUNCTIONAL
-unification of upper & lower egypt (crowns)
-Canon of proportions

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Ancient Egyptian:
Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2575-2450 BCE

-Symbols of the sun

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Ancient Egyptian:
Menkaure and a Queen, Giza, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2490-2472 BCE, graywacke

-probably Khamerernebty II
-Old kingdom sculpture: rigidity, stoic expressions, pose

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Ancient Egyptian:
Funerary temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1473-1458 BCE

-Female monarch: wanted to be viewed as a king
-Colonnade
-possible architect

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Ancient Egyptian:
Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, ca. 1279-1213 BCE

-Collosal Sculptures: More than double of normal figure size
-Ramses II rules 2/3 of country for 67yrs
-Sculptures moved in 1968 - 700ft from original location

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Ancient Egyptian:
Reconstruction Drawing of the Great Temple of Amun, Karnak, Egypt, New Kingdom, c. 1579-1075 BCE

-References creation myths of first lake or something???

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Ancient Egyptian:
Akhenaten, and his family, from Akhetaten (present day Tell el-Amarna), Egypt, 18th Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE, painted limestone relief,

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Ancient Egyptian:
Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1327 BCE. Gold inlaid with glass & semiprecious stones,

-died at 19
-Fully stocked and very preserved tomb

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Ancient Egyptian:
Last Judgment of Hunefer before Osiris, Illustration from a Book of the Dead, 19th Dynasty, ca. 1285 BCE, painted papyrus,

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Ankh:

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Symbol of life

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Cycladic:

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Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades, Greece, in the Aegean Sea

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Minoan:

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of, relating to, or denoting a Bronze Age civilization centered on Crete

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Mycenean:

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of, relating to, or denoting a late Bronze Age civilization in Greece represented by finds at Mycenae and other ancient cities

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3 cultures of ancient Agean:

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Cyclades, Minoan, & Mycenean

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Arthur Evans:

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English archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilization in the Bronze Age. most famous for unearthing the "palace" of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete, and other "palaces"

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Fresco:

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2 kinds: Buon Fresco = wet
Fresco a secco = dry

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Provenience:

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Tracing an object's movements from finding to its current location

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Heinrich Schliemann:

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an archaeological excavator of Hissarlik, now presumed to be the site of Troy, along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns

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Cyclopean masonry:

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type of stonework found in Mycenaean architecture, built with massive limestone boulders

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Corbelled arch:

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Stones stacked closer and closer on each layer to meet and form an arch

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corbelled vault:

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Stones stacked closer and closer on each layer to meet and form an arch
uses this technique to support the superstructure of a building's roof.

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tholos:

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also called beehive tomb, in ancient Greek architecture, a circular building with a conical or vaulted roof

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Ancient Agean:
Figurine of a woman, Cyclades, Greece; c. 2600-2400 BCE, marble,

-Funerary
-Stylized

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Ancient Agean:
Palace” at Knossos, Crete, Greece, ca. 1700-1450 BCE

-arthur evans
-problems with calling it a palace

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Ancient Agean:
Bull-Leaping, Knossos, Crete, wall painting (fresco), c. 1450-1375 BCE

-Flying gallop pose
-

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Ancient Agean:
Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece; c. 1250 BCE, limestone, relief panel

both types of architecture (corbeling arch and Post & lintel)

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Ancient Agean:
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece; c.1300-1200 BCE

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Humanism:

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Man is the measure of all things"

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Zenophobic:

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afraid of outsiders/non-greeks

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Kouros :
Kore:

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an archaic Greek statue of a young man, standing
Female

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In Kouros/Kore statues, what is the most defining difference?

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Women (kore) are clothed; men (kouros) are nude

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Some possible uses for kouros/kore statues:

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ceremonial, funerary, important people, portraits, gods, etc.

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Two main artistic aspects Geometric & Archaic Greece was trying to perfect:

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-Naturalism in human form
-temple architecture

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Pediment:

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the triangular upper part of the front of a building, typically on a row of columns.

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The three orders of Greek Architecture and what they were used for:

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Doric, ionic, corinthian
As blueprints for specific kinds of greek temples

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Easiest way to differentiate between greek architectural orders:

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capitol of the column.
Doric - abacus (simple)
Ionic - Volves
Corinthian - Acanthus (plants)

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Fluted column:

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shallow grooves running vertically along the surface

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Metopes:

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a square space between triglyphs in a Doric frieze.

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Peristyle:

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a row of columns surrounding a space within a building

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Cella:

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the inner area of an ancient temple, especially one housing the hidden cult image; only priests could enter

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Frieze:

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a horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration near the top of a building

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Entasis:

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Slight swelling near the center (vertically) of columns

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Caryatid:

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Human figures as columns; almost always as females.

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gigantomachy:

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(in Greek mythology) Battle between gods & giants

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Black Figure vase painting:
Red Figure vase painting :

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figures painted in blackslip on a red clay body
opposite; figures painted in red slip on black clay body
both: three-phase firing technique

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Geometric & Archaic Greek:
Funerary Krater, from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens, Greece, c. 750-735 BCE, ceramic

-Bier: table/stand for dead body
-Geometric

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Geometric & Archaic Greek:
Anavysos Kouros, from Anavysos, Greece, c. 530 BCE, marble,

-Foot position from egypt; showing movement

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Geometric & Archaic Greek:
“Peplos” Kore, Akropolis, Athens, c. 530 BCE, marble

-"peplos": Garment

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Geometric & Archaic Greek:
Temple of Hera I (“Basilica”), Poseidonia (Paestum, Italy), c. 550-540 BCE

-Surviving in Italy

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Geometric & Archaic Greek:
Exekias (potter and painter), Ajax and Achilles playing a game, c. 540-530 BCE, black-figure painting on a ceramic amphora, from Vulci, Italy

-Black-figure painting