Art History Final Vocabulary

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Deus[lo] vult!

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God wills it

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crusades

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religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church between the 11th and 16th centuries, especially the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean with the aim of capturing Jerusalem from Islamic rule

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conflagration

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a war or conflict

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AbbotSuger

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a French abbot, statesman, historian and one of the earliest patrons of Gothic architecture.build the great Church of Saint-Denis, the burial church of the French monarchs

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St.Augustine

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an early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development ofWestern Christianity and Western philosophy

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chevet

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eastern end of a church, especially of a Gothic church designed in the French manner

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archivolts

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an ornamental molding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch

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wallresponds

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A half pier or half column, bonded into a wall and supporting one end of an arch orarcade

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tracery

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the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window

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triforium(blind arcade)

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the wall at the side of the nave, choir, or transept,corresponding to the space between the vaulting or ceiling and the roof of an aisle, often having a blind arcade or an opening in a gallery. No windows.

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gallery

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a narrow balcony or platform running the length of a wall. Opened by having windows.

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gabel

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is the triangle formed by a sloping roof

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crockets

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a hook-shaped decorative element common in Gothic architecture

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spire

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steeply pointed pyramidal or conical termination to a tower

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buttress

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an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall

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flyingbuttress

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a specific form of buttress composed of an arched structure that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from vaulted ceilings of stone and from wind-loading on roofs.

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pier

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an upright support for a structure or superstructure such as an arch or bridge

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barrelvault

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an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance.

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quadripartitevault

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A groined vault over a rectangular area, the area defined by ribson each side and divided into

four parts by intersecting diagonals

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sexpartitevault

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(of a vault) divided into six compartments by two ogivesand three transverse arches, one of which crosses the ogives at thepoint at which they cross each other

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ambulatory(circuitus oratoriorum)

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continuation of the aisled spaces on either side of the nave (central part of the church) around the apse(semicircular projection at the east end of the church) or chancel(east end of the church where the main altar stands) to form a continuous processional way

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rosewindow

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used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery. On French churches.

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lancetwindow

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a tall, narrow window with a pointed arch at its top

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stonemullions

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A vertical member, as of stone or wood, dividing a window or other opening

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jambstatues

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a figure carved on the jambs of a doorway or window. These statues are often human figures- either religious figures or secular or ecclesiastical leaders

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Mariandevotions (cult of the Virgin)

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directed to the person of Mary, mother of Jesus. The term "devotions" is commonly understood to refer to those external practices of piety by which the faith of an individual finds expression

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Dormitionof the Virgin

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a Great Feast of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox andEastern Catholic Churches which commemorates the "falling asleep" or death of Mary and her bodily resurrection before being taken up into heaven

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Assumptionof the Virgin

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the bodily taking up of the Virgin Mary into Heaven at the end of her earthly life

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fanvault

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a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly

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ceilingboss

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a knob or protrusion of stone or wood

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EugèneViollet-le-Duc

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a French architect and theorist, famous for his interpretive "restorations" of medieval buildings. Born in Paris, he was a major Gothic Revival architect

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St.Francis

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an Italian Roman Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women’s Order of Saint Clare, the Third Order of Saint Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land

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Franciscanorder

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people and groups (religious orders) who adhere or claim to adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of Saint Francis of Assisi

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stigmata

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a term used by members of the Christian faith to describe body marks, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ, such as the hands, wrists, and feet

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St.Clare

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an Italian saint and one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. She founded the Order of Poor Ladies, a monastic religious order for women in the Franciscan tradition, and wrote their Rule of Life

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Giottodi Bondone

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an Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Renaissance

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convent

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a community of persons devoted to religious life under a superior

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inquisition

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a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy

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Arnolfodi Cambio

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an Italian architect and sculptor. Nicola Pisano’s chief assistant on the marble Siena Cathedral Pulpit for the Duomo in Siena Cathedral

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gilt

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A thin layer of gold or a paint containing or simulating gold that is applied in gilding

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trefoil

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a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings used in architecture and Christian symbolism

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quatrefoil

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a type of decorative framework consisting of a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially overlapping circles of the same diameter. traditional Christian symbolism.

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Immaculateconception

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he conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the womb of her mother, Saint Anne, free from original sin by virtue of the foreseen merits of her son Jesus Christ

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eggtempera technique

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a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium

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fresco

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technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster

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ScrovegniChapel

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a church in Padua, Veneto, Italy. It contains a fresco cycle by Giotto

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praedella

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the platform or step on which an altar stands

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GeorgioVasari

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an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing

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GreatSchism

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was the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century

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Manuscript

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A handwritten book, poem, or other document, or a collection of such handwritten documents

bound together

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Architecturalportraiture

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photographing of buildings and similar structures that are both aesthetically pleasing and accurate representations of their subjects

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atmosphericperspective

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the effect you get when far away objects take on the colors of atmospheric haze

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egg tempera paintmedium

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a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk

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oil paint medium

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process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and safflower oil

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incunabula

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a book, pamphlet, or broadside that was printed—not handwritten—before the year 1501 in Europe.

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relief printmaking

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a form of printmaking in which the image to be printed is raised from the surface. Pieces of material are removed from the surface using sharp tools called gouges

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rag paper

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made from cotton linters or cotton from used cloths as the primary material source

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single sheet woodcuts

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The artist's design or drawing is made on a piece of wood, and the untouched areas are then cut away with gouges, leaving the raised image which is then inked. Woodcut prints are produced by pressing the selected medium onto the inked image

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printing press

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a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink. Johannes Gutenberg around 1440.

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incunabula

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extant copies of books produced in the earliest stages (before 1501) of printing from movable type

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intaglio printmaking

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the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink.

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John Mandeville

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he supposed author of The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a travel memoir which first circulated between 1357 and 1371

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Georgio Vasari

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an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing

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pentimenti

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An underlying image in a painting, especially one that has become visible when the top layer of

paint has turned transparent with age, providing evidence of

revision by the artist

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white-line woodcut

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a technique of relief printmaking .the artist or technician cuts away the area of the block around the drawing, leaving the design to print in relief as a positive

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Arnolfo di Cambio

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(c. 1240 – 1300/1310[2]) was an Italian architect and sculptor.

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one point perspective

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a type of linear perspective. only one vanishing point exists; lines radiate outwardly from this point, and perpendicular lines meet at this point

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two point perspective

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a type of linear perspective. there exist two points from which an object’s lines radiate from; the sides of the object vanish to one of two vanishing points on the horizon line.

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orthogonals

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intersecting or lying at right angles

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bonfires of thevanities

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when supporters of the Dominican priest Girolamo Savonarola collected and publicly burned thousands of objects such as cosmetics, art, and books in Florence, Italy, on the Mardi Gras festival.

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Savonarola

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an Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal

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Palazzo Vecchio

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the town hall of Florence, Italy. It overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelo's David statue

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tondo

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A round painting, relief, or similar work of art.

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foreshortening

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to reduce or distort (parts of a represented

object that are not parallel to the picture plane) in

order to convey the illusion of three-dimensional space as perceived by the human

eye

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Engraving

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a print made from an engraved plate, block, or other surface.

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drypoint

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a printmaking technique of the intaglio family, in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix") with a hard-pointed "needle" of sharp metal or diamond point

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Intaglio (printmaking)

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the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink

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Buon fresco

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a fresco painting technique in which alkaline-resistant pigments, ground in water, are applied to wet plaster.

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secco fresco

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wall painting technique where pigments mixed with an organic binder and/or lime are applied onto a dry plaster

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sfumato

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in painting or drawing, the fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colours and tones.

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chiaroscuro

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an oil painting technique, developed during the Renaissance, that uses strong tonal contrasts between light and dark to model three-dimensional forms, often to dramatic effect

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Julius II

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he commissioned the destruction and rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, plus Michelangelo's decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. In addition to an active military policy, he personally led troops into battle on at least two occasions

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Pieta

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a representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead Christ, usually shown held on her lap.

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Sibyl/Prophet

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were women that the ancient Greeks believed were oracles

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Four branches ofknowledge

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Theology, Philosophy,Poetry and the Arts and Law

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Mannerism

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an art style in late 16th century Europe characterized by spatial incongruity and excessive elongation of the human figures

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diptych

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a picture or series of pictures (as an altarpiece) painted or carved on two hinged tablets

a work made up of two matching parts

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triptych

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picture (as an altarpiece) or carving in three panels side by side

something composed or presented in three parts or sections

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polyptych

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an arrangement of four or more panels (as of a painting) usually hinged and folding together

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registration marksfor colour printmaking

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the method of correlating overlapping colors on one single image. There are many different styles and types of registration, many of which employ the alignment of specific marks

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Landesknechte

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colourful mercenary soldiers with a formidable reputation who became an important military force through late 15th- and 16th-century Europe

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Swiss Guards –Vatican

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the de facto military of Vatican City. Established in 1506 under Pope Julius II, the Pontifical Swiss Guard is among the oldest military units in continuous operation

small force maintained by the Holy See, it is responsible for the safety of the Pope, including the security of the Apostolic Palace

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Jubilee year

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the year at the end of seven cycles of shmita (Sabbatical years), and according to Biblical regulations had a special impact on the ownership and management of land in the Land of Israel

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‘St. Anthony’s fire’- ergotism

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the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus that infects rye and other cereals

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Apocalyptic

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foreboding imminent disaster or final doom

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eschatological

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The branch of theology that is concerned with the end of the world or of humankind

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millenarian

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the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed

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the Reformation

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a schismfrom the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

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Luther

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a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk[2] and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. taught that salvation and, subsequently, eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of God's grace through the believer's faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin

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Ulrich Zwingli

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a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus

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John Calvin

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an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation

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satire

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the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc.

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Malleus Malefecarum

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Hammer of Witches. the best known and the most important treatise on witchcraft. written by the Catholic clergyman Heinrich Kramer. It endorses extermination of witches and for this purpose develops a detailed legal and theological theory It was a bestseller, second only to the Bible in terms of sales for almost 200 years.

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registration marks(printmaking)

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is the method of correlating overlapping colors on one single image

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relief printing -woodcuts

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a process where protruding surface faces of the printing plate or block are inked; recessed areas are ink free

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intaglio printing –etching/engraving

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the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink

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vanitas

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a category of symbolic works of art, especially those associated with the still life paintings of the 16th and 17th centuries in Flanders and the Netherlands

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momento mori

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Latin = "Look after you [to the time after your death] and remember you're [only] a man."

a reminder of mortality;

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Hieronymus Cock –House of the Four Winds

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a Southern Netherlandish painter and etcheras well as a publisher and distributor of prints

When he returned to Antwerp in 1548, he founded his own publishing house, (the "House of the Four Winds")