Art History Exam 2

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Polykleitos:

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ancient Greek sculptor in bronze of the 5th century BCE (classical Greece)

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3 isms of Classical Greece:

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Humanism, rationalism, idealism

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contrapposto:

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"counter pose;" asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs.

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Acropolis:

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fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill.

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Athena:

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The patron goddess of Athens, worshiped as the goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, and warfare.

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Perikles:

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Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

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Pheidias:

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Greek sculptor, painter and architect. His statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

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Iktinos and Kallikrates:

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fifth century bc. Greek architect and the chief designer of the Parthenon at Athens.

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Wet drapery:

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"conceals as much as it reveals"; style of sculpting drapery to show body without being nude

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Panathenaic festival:

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These Games incorporated religious festival, ceremony (including prize-giving), athletic competitions, and cultural events hosted within a stadium.

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Nike:

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"victory"; Athenian victory figures

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Aphrodite:

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the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation.

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Classical Greece:
Warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy, c. 460-450 BCE, bronze, bone, glass, silver, and copper

-beard = old age
-sculpture survived a shipwreck
-contrapposto

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Classical Greece:
Polykleitos, Spear Bearer, c. 450-440 BCE, bronze original, copy found at Pompeii

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Classical Greece:
-Kallikrates and Iktinos, Parthenon, Akropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-432 BCE

-ratio 4:9
-parthanos = "maiden"
-panathenaic

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Classical Greece:
Lapith Fighting a Centaur (Centauromachy), metope from the Parthenon, Akropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-432 BCE

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Classical Greece:
East Pediment (Helios and his horses, Three Goddesses), Akropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-432 BCE

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Classical Greece:
Procession Frieze: Horsemen, Akropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-432 BCE

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Classical Greece:
Nike (Victory) adjusting her sandal, from the Temple of Athena Nike, Akropolis, Athens, Greece, c. 410-405 BCE, marble,

-Chiton: garment
-wet drapery

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Classical Greece:
Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, Roman marble copy of bronze original, c. 350 BCE

-First nude woman in CG
-"modest" pose meant to draw attention
-exaggerated contrapposto

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Classical Greece:
Lysippos, Man Scraping Himself (Apoxyomenos), Roman marble copy of a bronze original c. 350-325 BCE

-Strigil: bathing tool to scrape off oil
-imperfect contrapposto

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Alexander the Great:

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ruler of Greece in the fourth century b.c. As a general, he conquered most of the ancient world, extending the civilization of Greece east to India. Died in 323 BCE

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Dionysos:

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the ancient Greek god of wine, merriment, and theatre

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Skene:

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structure at the back of a theatre stage,

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Expressionism:

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an attempt to evoke emotion in the viewer

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Adjectives describing Hellenistic art:

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Dramatic, diagonals, expressionistic, figures reach into space of viewer, every day, mortals, individual emotions, surface treatments.

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Hellenistic:
Theatre, Epidauros, Greece, Fourth century BCE and later

-NOT an amphitheater
-For religious expression (music, comedy, dance)

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Hellenistic:
Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey, c. 175-150 BCE, marble

-frieze on ionic colonnade
-Frieze depicts gigantomachy

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Hellenistic:
Athena Attacking the Giants, gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon altar, c. 175-150 BCE, marble

-Deep carving = increases drama

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Hellenistic:
Nike (Victory) of Samothrace, from Samothrace, c. 180 BCE, marble

-originally on the front of a ship

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Hellenistic:
Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo) from Melos, c. 150-100 BCE, marble

-Reference: Aphrodite of knidos
-hellenistic: drapery falling, deep carving, twisted stance
-multiple theories of hand/arm positions

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Hellenistic:
Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athandoros of Rhodes, Laocoön and his Sons, from Rome, Italy, early 1st century CE, marble

-identified from Pliney the Elder's writings
-Hierarchic scale

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Tuscan Order:

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a simplified Doric order, with un-fluted columns; invented by the Etruscans

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Terra Cotta:

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A clay based ceramic; by Etruscans

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Tumulus:

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an ancient burial mound; a barrow.

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Forum:

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center of the city

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Inventors of the rounded arch:

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Etruscans

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Writer of Treatison Roman architecture:

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Vitruvius

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Region/period that used no marble:

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Etruscan

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Necropolis:

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City of the dead; large ancient cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments

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Etruscan:
Master Sculptor Vulca (?), Apollo, from the Temple of Minerva, Portonaccio, Veii, c. 510-500 BCE, painted terra cotta

-Minerva = Athena

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Etruscan:
Dancers and Diners, Tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia, Italy, c. 480-470 BCE

-crab claw hands

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Etruscan:
Burial Chamber, Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri, Italy, 3rd century BCE

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Etruscan:
Reclining Couple on a Sarcophagus, from Cerveteri, Italy, c. 520 BCE, terra cotta

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Patricians:

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an aristocrat or nobleman.

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Plebians:

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an ancient Rome commoner

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Arcade:

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a series of arches

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Veristic:

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extremely or strictly naturalistic

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Villa:

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a large and luxurious country residence.

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Republican Roman:
Temple perhaps dedicated to Portunus, Rome, late 2nd century BCE

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Republican Roman:
Portrait Head of an Elder, from Scoppito, 1st century BCE, marble

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Republican Rome:
Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus (?), Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c. 60-50 BCE, fresco

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Augustus:

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"exalted" or "sacred"; the title given to Octavian, the first Roman emperor

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Pax Romana:

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"peace in rome"; economic stability, etc...

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Orator:

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an official speaker; addressing a crowd

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Pilaster:

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a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.

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Barrel vault:

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a vault forming a half cylinder.

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Groin vault:

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he intersection of two barrel vaults.

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Amphitheater:

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a round or oval building, typically unroofed, with a central space for the presentation of dramatic or sporting events. Tiers of seats for spectators surround the central space.

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Basilica:

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a large long hall or building with double colonnades and a semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a court of law or for public assemblies.

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Apse:

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a large semicircular or polygonal recess in a church, arched or with a domed roof, typically at the eastern end, and usually containing the altar.

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Clerestory:

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the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows

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Rotunda:

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a round building or room, especially one with a dome.

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Oculus:

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A round opening or window

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Equestrian:

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related to horse riding

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Imperial Rome:
Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, Italy, early-1st-century CE copy of a bronze original of c. 20 BCE, marble

-orator pose
-dolphin & cupid symbolic of Venus

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Imperial Rome:
Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, Italy, 13-9 BCE, marble

-Probably assembled incorrectly

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Imperial Rome:
Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy c. 70-80 CE

-2 major Rom. Arch develmts: concrete & rounded arch
-arcade
-different than Greek theater- 2 put together & not on a hill
-doric, ionic, corinthian, & composite orders

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Imperial Rome:
Arch of Titus, Rome, after 81 CE, concrete and white marble

-triumphal arch
-partially reconstructed in 19th cent.
-SPQR

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Imperial Rome:
Spoils of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome, after 81 CE, concrete and white marble

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Imperial Rome:
Triumph of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome, after 81 CE, concrete and white marble

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Imperial Rome:
Apollodorus of Damascus, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy dedicated 112 CE

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Imperial Rome:
Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy dedicated 112 CE, marble

-Historiated column: narrative story about military victory

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Imperial Rome:
Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 CE

-rotunda, coffers, oculus
-currently a catholic church
-Cloud's fave

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Greeks were more about ________
Romans more about _____

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volume
space

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Imperial Rome:
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy, c. 175 CE, bronze

-one of only bronzes surviving
-beard = sign of philosopher
-orator pose
-Becomes model for all later equestrian statues

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Spolia:

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reusing pieces from an earlier piece of art in a new piece or context.

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Roundel:

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A curved form; usually a semicircle panel or window

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Colossal:

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at least double life size or larger

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Catacombs:

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roman underground necropolis tombs. Used for funerary purposes and burial. Not used as hiding place for christians or for worship.

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Orant:

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figure standing and with hands raised; shows prayer

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Syncretism:

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assimilation of imagery from one tradition to another; looking to imagery before.
-All cultures adopt other cultures' imagery, intentionally or unknowingly.

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2 major aspects of Constantine:

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1st christian emperor & moved capitol to Constantinople

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Lunette:

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half circle or crescent shape in art or architecture

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St. Peter:

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considered the first pope. Established plans for churches.

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Basilica Plan:

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architectural ground-plan of St Peter'sBasilica in Rome

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Central Plan:

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symmetrical church plan with a central point, as in a circle, a square, or a Greek cross

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Nave:

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the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation.

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Transept:

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part of a church that forms a cross shape. only in newer roman basilicas

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major difference between early basilica and new roman basilica:

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Transcept

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Aisle:

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a lower part parallel to and at the side of a nave, choir, or transept, from which it is divided by pillars.

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Ambulatory:

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a place for walking, especially an aisle around the apse or a cloister in a church

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Mosaic:

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a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass.

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Late Antiquity:
The Tetrarchs, c. 300 CE, porphyry, from Constantinople, but perhaps produced in Egypt

-chi rho symbol

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Late Antiquity:
Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312-315 CE
-spolia pieces from Hadrian, Trajan, and Marcus Aurelius
-battle of milvian bridge

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Late Antiquity:
Constantine the Great, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, Italy, 325-326 CE
-Colossal

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Late Antiquity:
synagogue at Dura Europos, Syria, with wall paintings of Old Testament themes, c. 245-256 CE, tempera on plaster

-aniconic: against images
-Tempera: pigment + egg yolk

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Late Antiquity:
The Good Shepherd, Orants, and the Story of Jonah, painted ceiling of a cubiculum in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Italy, late 3rd-early 4th century CE

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Late Antiquity:
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, from Rome, Italy, c. 359 CE, marble
-Roman: architectural orders, togas, narratives

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Late Antiquity:
Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, c. 320-327 CE

-new basilica w/ Trancept

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Late Antiquity:
Santa Costanza, Rome, Italy, c. 350 CE
-Central church
-For constantine's daughter
-mosaic of constantina bust, putti (angel babies) making wine (maybe for communion?)