Art Fundamentals

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ELEMENT OF ART-Actual texture

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The real texture of an artwork that can be touched and felt; also known
as real texture

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ELEMENT OF ART-Additive color wheel

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An organization of hues that, when combined, create white; embodies
projected color

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ELEMENT OF ART-Aerial perspective

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The perspective technique that portrays elements in the atmosphere such as smoke and dust to add realism and create the illusion of distance; also known as atmospheric perspective

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ELEMENT OF ART-Analogous color scheme

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A color scheme that features colors that are adjacent to one another on
the color wheel

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ELEMENT OF ART-Arbitrary color

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Color that ignores the confines of reality; the artist chooses it based on
symbolism, emotional appeal, or personal preference

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ELEMENT OF ART-Chroma

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The brightness or purity of a color; also known as saturation and
intensity

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ELEMENT OF ART-Closed space

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Organization of space in which the objects are enclosed in barriers;
conveys solidity

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ELEMENT OF ART-Color

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The complex perception of visual light at different wavelengths

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ELEMENT OF ART-Color scheme

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A planned combination of colors

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ELEMENT OF ART-Color temperature

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The “warm” or “cool” feeling that is associated with a particular color
or set of colors

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Color temperature

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The “warm” or “cool” feeling that is associated with a particular color
or set of colors

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Color-field painting

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Form of painting that features broad areas of solid colors

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THE ELEMENT OF ART- Complementary color scheme

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A color scheme that features complementary c

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THE ELEMENT OF ART- Complementary colors

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Two colors that are directly across from one another on the color
wheel, e.g., red and green

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Contours

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Visible borders of the objects in an artwork

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Cool color

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A color located on the blue-violet end of the color spectrum; often
associated with cool temperatures and physical distance

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Elements of art

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Most basic components of any art work; include line, shape, form,
space, perspective, color, and texture; also known as the sensory
properties of art

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Figure

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Portion of an artwork composed of objects that can include either form
or shape; also known as positive space

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Form

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A three-dimensional object with length, width, and depth

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THE ELEMENT OF ART-Ground (space)

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The area surrounding the positive space of an artwork; also known as
negative space

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Hue

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The name of a color

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Implied line

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A progression of shapes, objects, lines, or dots that appears to be linear;
there is no defined line

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Line

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Most basic element of art; created by following the path of a moving
point through space; most important in drawing

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Media

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The materials used by the artist to render the final work

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Monochromatic color scheme

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A color scheme that features multiple tints and shades of just one hue

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Organic

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Irregular, nonlinear shapes and forms found in real life; also known as
freeform and biomorphic

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Positive space

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Areas of artwork occupied

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The three most intense colors; mixed to make all other colors; red,
yellow, and blue

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The three most intense colors; mixed to make all other colors; red,
yellow, and blue

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Secondary colors

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Colors formed by the combination of two primary colors; orange,
green, and purple

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The result of adding black to a color

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The result of adding black to a color

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Shape

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A two-dimensional object that possesses length and width but no depth

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Space

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Formal organization of objects in a work of art

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Tertiary color

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Color formed by combining a primary color and an adjacent secondary
color; also known as intermediate color

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Value

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A color’s lightness or darkness

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Warm color

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A color found on the red and orange end of the color spectrum;
associated with heat and proximity

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Visual Texture

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The illusion of texture an artist creates on the surface of an artwork
through shading and highlighting; also known as imagined texture

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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION-Alternating rhythm

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A rhythmic technique that involves going back and forth between two
or more motifs

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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION-Balance

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The equal distribution of visual weight in an artwork

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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION-Chiaroscuro

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The contrast of light and dark in a painting used to create the illusion
of volume and texture

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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION-Continuity

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The existence of a visual pathway that leads the eye smoothly from one
part of the piece to the next without any breaks

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Contrast

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A technique that attracts the viewer’s attention through techniques such
as texture, color, intensity, or size

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Focal point

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A point where two or more elements contrast, attracting the viewer’s
eye

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Gestalt principles

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Principles of visual organization that occur naturally in the human
brain; include emphasis, contrast, and continuity

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Line of symmetry

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A line that divides a shape or form into two halves that are mirror
images of one another

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Motif

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The repeated element of a pattern

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Pattern

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The repetition of a motif or motifs to create rhythm

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Proportion

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The relationship of the sizes of different objects within an artwork;
related to scale

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Proximity

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The principle that objects placed close together are assumed to belong
together in a group

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Random rhythm

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A rhythmic technique involving no organization in the presentation of
repeated elements

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Emphasis

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A technique that creates dominant elements in an artwork

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Rhythm

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An organizational tool that encompasses movement in an artwork based
on repetition

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Scale

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The dimensional relationship that the parts of an artwork have to one
another and the artwork as a whole; can also refer to the size of the
artwork itself

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Similarity

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Describes parts of an artwork that look alike; causes the logical
movement of the viewer’s eye amongst similar elements

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Tenebrism

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An extreme form of chiaroscuro that features a jarring contrast of light
and shadow

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Unity

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The harmonious nature of the components of an artwork

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Variety

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The combination of contrast and emphasis to create different visual
stimuli to interest the viewe

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DRAWING!!!-Blending

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The gradual mixing of two hues or black and white to create the
illusion of depth within a piece

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DRAWING!!!-Crosshatching

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A shading technique that uses crisscrossing lines

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DRAWING!!!-Drawing

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The most basic two-dimensional art process

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DRAWING!!!-Fixative

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A chemical agent used to preserve works that employ fragile media,
such as pastels

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Opaque

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Not allowing any light to show through

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Shading

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A drawing process used to change color value and create the illusion of
volume

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Translucent

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Allowing light or an underlying image to shine through partially

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Sizing

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A printmaking substance that stops the capillary action of paper fibers

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Weight

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The “heaviness” of the paper; heavier paper is used for heavier media,
such as marker, to prevent bleeding

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PAINTING-Acrylic

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A modern type of paint made from synthetic materials

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PAINTING-Alla prima

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An oil painting with no glazing or underpainting

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PAINTING-Binder

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A glue-like material that causes a powdered pigment to adhere to a
surface

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PAINTING-Egg tempera

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A form of tempera bound with egg yolks

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PAINTING-En plein air

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Paintings made in the “open air,” or outside; made possible by the
invention of the paint tube; popular with Impressionists

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Encaustic

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A painting medium made of molten wax

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Fête galante

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Transitional painting style in the 18th century; usually depicted upperclass,
outdoor parties in paradisiacal settings; shift towards individual
and personal pleasur

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Fresco

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A traditional form of mural painting done on plaster

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Glaze (painting)

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A thin semi-transparent layer used in oil painting to change a color
slightly

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Ground (painting)

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The coating that an artist uses to prepare the painting surface

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Gouache

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An opaque water-based paint similar to, but higher in quality than,
tempera

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History painting

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Strove to teach moral principles through the representation of historical
and mythological characters and events; considered an “acceptable”
genre of painting in Europe for several centuries

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Minimalism

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A modern art movement popular in the post-WWII era that
emphasized monochromatic color schemes and simplicity

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Oil paint

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A painting medium generally bound in linseed oil; more versatile and
slower-drying than tempera paint

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Painterly

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A style of painting closely associated with Impressionism in which the
artist’s brush strokes are clearly visible

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Rococo

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Period in which the stylistic shift toward interest in the individual and
in personal pleasure was common

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Scumble

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A thin, light, and opaque layer of color applied on top of darker colors
in oil painting

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Sfumato

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A painting technique in which layers of translucent color blend
gradually into each other, creating the illusion of form

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Sienna

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A yellow-brown oil paint pigment made of limonite clay, which is rich
in ferric oxides

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Solvent

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A substance that can change the value, thickness, and drying time of
paint

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Terpentine

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common solvent for oil paints

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Vedute

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Highly detailed, large-scale cityscape painting style popular in the 16th
to 19th centuries; plural: vedute

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Wash

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Diluted, translucent watercolors; create tints

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Watercolor

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The most common water-based paint bound with gum arabic

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Engraving

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An intaglio printmaking process involving the direct carving of lines on
the printing plate; the portion of the printing plate that is not carved
away appears in the print

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Etching

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An intaglio printmaking process using wax or varnish and acid’s
corrosive properties

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Lithography

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A printmaking technique based on the principle that wax repels water;
ink is attracted to the areas on the printing plate drawn in wax

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Monotype printing

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A printmaking technique in which the image is drawn directly onto the
printing plate by brushing the plate with ink; creates a unique print;
the matrix cannot be reused

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Monoprinting

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A technique in which the printer alters the coloring and chemical
composition of the material and ink he uses; the matrix can be reused

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Negative

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In screen printing, the inverse of an intended image

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Phototype

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A metal printing block specifically intended for etching

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Printmaking

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A set of two-dimensional techniques that use mechanical tools to create
multiple copies of an original artwork

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Relief printmaking

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A printmaking process in which a printer cuts away parts of the surface
of the printing plate

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Screen printing

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A printmaking technique in which the printer transfers or adheres an
image to a piece of stretched fabric with a squeegee; also known as
serigraphy and silkscreen printing

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Ferrotype

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A technique that involves the use of small plates of tinned iron to create
a negative image; also known as tintype

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Film

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A paper coated with dry gel; invented by George Eastman

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Pictorialism

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A movement in which photographers attempted to imitate painting

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Calotype

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The first negative-and-positive photographic process; involves the use
of photograph paper covered in iodide; also known as talbotype

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Wet collodion photography

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A technique that involves the use of a glass plate coated with a
collodion solution, silver iodide, and iron iodide; the plate is exposed to
light to create a print; also known as the wet plate process

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Mixed media

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An art form that combines two or more media

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Collage

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Features a combination of specially selected media to create texture,
color, and meaning

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Appropriation

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The borrowing and adapting of material for a new work; may be an
idea, quote, image, or anything else

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ARCHITECTURE-Arch

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A curved construction of blocks that supports weight evenly

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ARCHITECTURE-Architecture

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The art of designing and constructing a building

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Base

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The bottom of a column; not present in Doric columns

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Barrel vault

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A continuous, semicircular vault; also known as tunnel vault

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Coffering

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A decorative technique in which sunken panels embellish a vault

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Concrete

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A building material composed of water, stone, gravel, and a binder;
invented by the Romans

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Corinthian order

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An order of architecture that features a capital that depicts an acanthus
plant growing in a basket

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Dome

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A form of vault that an architect constructs to cover a circular opening

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Doric order

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The oldest order of architecture; employs columns with fluting and no
defined base

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Flying buttress

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Exterior arches that resist lateral thrust from the structure they support

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Groin vault

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Consists of two barrel vaults of the same diameter crossed
perpendicularly; helps better distribute the thrust created by barrel vaults; also known as double barrel vault

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Ionic order

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An order of architecture that features slender columns with capitals that
are embellished with volutes

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Haunch

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A technique architects use to strengthen beams by enlarging them at
their supporting ends

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Pediment

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Triangular section of the cornice; often the location of decorative
sculpture

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Vault

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A combination of arches that covers an open space

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Tuscan order

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A simplified Doric column without fluting

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Shaft

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The body, or long and straight portion, of a colum

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CRAFTS-Embroidery

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A decorative stitching technique done directly on the surface of a fabric

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CRAFTS-Crocheting

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A method of constructing fabric by interlocking loops of yarn using a
hooked needle or machines

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CRAFTS-Ceramics

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The art form in which naturally pliable materials are transformed into a
hard clay work; also known as pottery

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CRAFTS-Backing

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The bottom layer of a quilt

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CRAFTS-Appliqué

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Appliqué

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Kiln

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An oven used specifically for firing pottery

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Plaiting

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Repeating knots that form a pattern

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Tapestry

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A hand-woven fabric with a non-repetitive pattern