Ars Chapter 7 Meiosis And Sexual Reproduction

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autosome

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any non-sex chromosome

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binary fission

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asexual reproduction in which one cell divides into two cells of that have identical DNA

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cancer

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cells which have mutations of the cell DNA, these mutated cells cause normals to mutate

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cell cycle

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consists of a cell growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell division period in which mitosis takes place

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centromere

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point where two chromatids are attached

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chromatid

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two exact copies of DNA that make up the chromosome

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chromosome (eukaryotic)

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structure in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein

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chromosome (prokaryotic)

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the main ring of DNA

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cytokinesis

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division of the cytoplasm of a cell

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diploid

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a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes

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gamete

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a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote

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gene

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segment of DNA that codes for a pretein or RNA molecule

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haploid

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when a cell contains one set of chromosomes

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homologous chromosome

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two chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content

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How many chromosomes do humans have

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23 pairs or 46 chromosomes

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interphase

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period between meiotic division during which the cell grows, copies DNA, and synthesizes protein

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karyotype

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array of chromosomes found in cells at metaphase of mitosis and arragned in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size

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mitosis (eukaryotic)

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process of cell division that forms two nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

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sex chromosome

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one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

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spindle

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network of microtubules that forms during mitosis and moves chromotids to the poles

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zygote

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cell that results from the fission of gametes, a fertilized egg

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asexual reproduction

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reproduction in which a single parent produce offspring that are identical to the parent

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clone

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an organism genectically identical to his parent, it is produced by asexual reproduction

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crossing-over

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exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosome during meiosis

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fertilization

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joining of a male and female gamete to form a diploid zygote

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gametophyte

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the haploid phase that produces gametes by mitosis

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Homologous pairs of chromosome move to opposite poles during what phase?

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anaphase I

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In sporophyte generation of plants, what kind of spores are produced through meiosis?

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haploid spores

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independent assortment

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random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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life cycle

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entire life span of an organism from one generation to the next, all of the events in the growth and development of an organism until the organism reaches sexual maturity

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meiosis

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process during cell divisions in which the number of chromosomes decrease by half which results in the production of a sex cell (gamete or spore)

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oogenesis

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the production, growth, & maturation or an egg or ovum

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ovum

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mature egg cell

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sexual reproduction

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reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite, diploid from each Mom and Dad unit to produce a haploid which produces a diploid offspring

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sperm

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the male gamete

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spermatogenesis

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the process by which male gametes form

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spore

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reproductive cell of multicellular structure that is resistant to environmental conditions and that can develop into an adult without fusion with another cell

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sporophyte (plants & algae)

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the diploid phase in the life cycle that produces haploid spores

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What does spermatogenesis produce?

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four haploid cells which change into sperm (male gamete)

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What are the stages of meiosis?

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Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, Telophase I and cytokinesis, Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, Telophase II and cytokinesis

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What happens during prophase I?

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nuclear envelope breaks and cross-over occurs

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What happens during metaphase I?

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humologous chromosomes move by the spindle to the cell's equator

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What happens during anaphase I?

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homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

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What happens during telophase I and cytokinesis?

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the cell splits forming two new cells, each with it's own set chromosomes

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What happens during prophase II?

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new spindle forms around the chromosomes

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What happens during metaphase II?

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chromosomes line up at the equator

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What happens during anaphase II?

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centromeres divide, chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell

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What happens during telophase II?

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nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, cytoplasm divides, results in 4 haploid cells

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What is the life cycle of the alternation of generations?

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