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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Class A Airspace
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18,000' to FL 600
Including 12 miles off the coast. IFR : |
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Class B Airspace
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Surface to 10,000'
2 or more layers, clearance required. Clearance & Vis: Clear of Clouds, 3m |
Required equipment:
2-way Radio, altitude reporting Transponder (Mode C) To fly IFR: VOR or TACAN PPL or student pilot who has met requirements on way to PPL |
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Class C Airspace
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Tower, radar approach control, specific # IFR flights
Surface to 4,000' 5nm core extends to 4,000' 10nm core extends to 1,200' 20nm Outer Area |
Required Equipment:
2-way Radio, altitude reporting Transponder (Mode C) Clearance & Vis: 1,000 above, 500 below, 2k Horizontal- 3sm |
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Class D Airspace
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Tower
Surface to 2,500' Dimensions individually tailored. Extensions >2nm become Class E. Clearance & Vis: 1,000 above, 500 below, 2k horizontal- 3sm |
Required Equipment:
2-way Radio Communication must be established prior to entering airspace. In addition, A/S>200KT within 4nm is prohibited at or below 2,500' |
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Class E Airspace
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Controlled Airspace that is not A, B, C, or D
Transitions: 700' or 1,200' AGL |
Provides controlled airspace to contain SIP without imposing a commo requirement on pilots operating under VFR
Clearance & Vis: <10,000= 1,000 above, 500 below, 2k horizontal- 3sm >=10,000= 1k above, 1k below, 1sm horizontal- 5nm |
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Class G Airspace
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Clearance & Vis:
<1,200= Clear of Clouds- Day: 1sm, Night: 3sm 1,200-10,000= 1,000 above, 500 below, 2k horizontal- Day: 1sm, Night: 1sm |
>10,000= 1k above, 1k below, 1sm horizontal- 5sm
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IFR Requirements
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Remain 1,000' (2,000' in mountainous terain) above highest obstacle within 4nm horizontal distance
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Prohibited Area
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Established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare.
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Restricted Area
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Airspace subject to restrictions.
IFR: If inactive and released to controlling agency, clearance will procede without acknowledging RA. If active, clearence will be issued to avoid RA unless specific permission has been granted. |
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Warning Area
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Meets requirements for Restricted Area, but over International Waters
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Military Operations Area
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Separates certain military activity areas from IFR traffic
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DOD exempted from the provisions of FAR Part 91.303(c) and (d) which prohibit acrobatic flight within Federal airways and Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E surface areas.
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Alert Area
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Areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity
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Controlled Firing Area
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Contains activities which, if not suspended, could present a hazard to overflying aircraft.
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Not charted, as areas are self regulated to suspend activity upon approach of aircraft.
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Transponders
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Mode A= Mode 3
Mode C not required for aircraft with no engine. |
Mode C:
Altitude in 100' increments Required within 30nm below 10,000' of Class B, or within Class C below 10,000'. At or above 10,000 MSL, excluding that which is <2,500' AGL |
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D airspace-Receiver INOP:
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Determine flow of traffic from outside Class D, then inform Tower of type aircraft, position, altitude, intention to land, and request that you be controlled with light signals.
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3-5nm from airport, advise tower of position and altitude, and join traffic.
Go-around: Report altitude and position- Downwind, Base leg. |
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D airspace- Transmitter INOP:
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Remain outside or above the Class D surface area until the direction and flow of traffic has been determined; then, join the airport traffic pattern.
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During daylight, hovering- turn in the direction of the controlling facility and flash the landing light. While in flight, show acknowledgement of receiving a transmission by making shallow banks in opposite directions. At night, acknowledge receipt of transmissions by flashing either the landing or the search light.
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D airspace- Transmitter and Receiver INOP:
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Remain outside or above the Class D surface area until the direction and flow of traffic has been determined; then, join the airport traffic pattern and maintain visual contact with the tower to receive light signals. Acknowledge light signals as in Transmitter INOP.
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Option Approach:
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Permits an instructor, flight examiner or pilot the option to make a touch-and-go, low approach, missed approach, stop-and-go, or full stop landing.
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Use of Aircraft Lights
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Aircraft position and anticollision lights are required to be lighted from sunset to sunrise. Anticollision lights, however, need not be lighted when the PC determines that, because of operating conditions, it would be in the interest of safety to turn off the lights.
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Clearance
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The pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.
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If ATC issues a clearance that would cause a pilot to deviate from a rule or regulation, or in the pilot's opinion, would place the aircraft in jeopardy, IT IS THE PILOT'S RESPONSIBILITY TO REQUEST AN AMENDED CLEARANCE.
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Clearance Items:
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Clearance Limit (Fix, etc.)
Altitude Data ("Maintain") Cruise (Minimum IFR to Cruise Alt. when used instead of "Maintain" Holding Instructions |
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Holding Instructions (1):
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It is the responsibility of the ATC controller to issue complete holding instructions (unless the pattern is charted), an EFC time, and his best estimate of any additional en route/terminal delay.
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If charted, "Hold As Published"
If not, and holding instructions have not been issued, the pilot should ask ATC for holding instructions prior to reaching the fix. |
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Holding Instructions (2):
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If unable to obtain instructions prior to reaching the fix (due to frequency congestion, stuck microphone, etc.), hold in a standard pattern on the same course and request further clearance as soon as possible.
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The altitude/flight level of the aircraft at the clearance limit will be protected so that separation will be provided as required.
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Holding-
Parallel Entry: |
Turn to a heading to parallel the holding course outbound on the non-holding side for one minute, turn in the direction of the holding pattern thru more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound
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Holding-
Teardrop Entry: |
Fly to the fix, turn outbound to a heading for a 30 degree teardrop entry within the pattern (on the holding side) for a period of one minute, then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound holding course.
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Holding-
Direct Entry: |
Enter the holding pattern at the inbound heading to the Fix and procede with the pattern.
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Clearance Limit:
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3 minutes or less from a clearance limit and a clearance beyond the fix has not been received, start a speed reduction so that the fix will be crossed, initially, at or below the maximum holding airspeed.
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Report to ATC the time and altitude/flight level at which the aircraft reaches the clearance limit and report leaving the clearance limit.
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Clearance Responsibilities:
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Record, read back altitudes and/or vectors
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IFR Flight Plans
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To nearest FSS or ATCT, in person, over the telephone, or if no other option available, over the radio.
30m prior to departure |
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Direct Flights
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All or any portions of the route which will not be flown on the radials or courses of established airways or routes, such as direct route flights, must be defined by indicating the radio fixes over which the flight will pass.
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Such defining fixes automatically become compulsory reporting points for the flight, unless advised otherwise by ATC.
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Position Reporting
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Not required when advised "Radar Contact"
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I.D.
Position Time Altitude Type Flight Plan (unless made to ARTCCs or Approach Control) ETA + name next R PT Name of next R PT Pertinent remarks |
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Additional Reports-
At All Times: |
-Vacating previously assigned Alt.
-Alt. change while VFR on top -Unable to climb or descend at 500fpm -Missed Approach -Change in Avg. TAS of 10KTAS or 5% (whichever greater) |
-Time and Alt. upon reaching holding fix or point to which cleared
-Leaving assigned holding point or fix (this and preceding- not necessary for military facilities with radar provided) -Any loss of nav equipment (w/ ID, equip., degree, rqst) -Info related to safety of flight |
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When not in Radar Contact:
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-FAF (np) or outer marker (p) inbound
-Corrected estimate when previous is in error >3 minutes |
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Instrument Approach Procedures-
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Minimums based on 1.3 X the stalling speed.
Maintain alt. until established on a segment of a published route or IAP. |
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Procedure Turn-
Required Except: |
No PT
Radar Vectoring provided Holding in Leu of PT |
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Procedure Turn-
General From Holding Teardrop PT |
Headings are provided for course reversal using the 45 degree type procedure turn on Government Charts
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A procedure turn need not be established when an approach can be made from a properly aligned holding pattern.
2. When a teardrop procedure turn is depicted and a course reversal is required, this type turn must be executed. |
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Visual Approach
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Flight to, and Landing at Airport can be accomplished in VMC.
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Contact Approach
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Can request if:
Clear of Clouds, 1 mile Vis., and can expect same conditions all the way to landing at the airport. Controller Requirements: |
-Pilot must request
-Reported vis is 1 mile or more -Airport has an Instrument Approach Procedure -Approved Separation applied |
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Lost Commo Procedures
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Exercise good judgement in whatever action elected for situations not covered by regulation.
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Check Radios
Try another radio Try another frequency Have Co-pilot try to contact ATC Go back to last frequency Attempt contact on emergency freq. Place transponder to 7600 Turn volume up on Navigation receivers |
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Lost Commo Procedures VMC
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Maintain VMC
Land as soon as practicable Notify ATC |
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Lost Commo Procedures
Route Selection |
As assigned
Expected Filed Vectors |
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Lost Commo Procedure
Altitude |
Highest of:
-Last Assigned -Minimum IFR Altitude for the route or segment being flown -Expected |
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Lost Commo Procedures
Clearance Limit |
When the clearance limit is a fix from which an approach begins:
-Commence descent and approach as close as possible to the EFC if one has been received. -If an EFC has not been received commence descent and approach as close as possible to the ETA as calculated from the filed or amended ETA. |
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Lost Commo Procedures
Clearance Limit 2 |
When the clearance limit is not a fix from which the approach begins:
-Leave the clearance limit at the EFC time if one has been received. -If an EFC has not been received, proceed to a fix from which the approach begins and commence descent and approach as close as possible to the ETA as calculated from the filed flight plan or as amended with ATC. |
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Lost Commo Procedures
Terminal Holding Fix |
Terminal Holding fix:
If arriving at the approach fix before the ETA hold until the ETA as calculated from the filed flight plan or amended with ATC: -Arrival Holding Pattern -Holding Pattern in lieu of Procedure Turn -On the final approach course on the Procedure Turn side -On the arrival course |
If more than one approach fix is available, the pilot may choose the one most appropriate for the situation, as ATC protects airspace at all of them
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Lost Commo Procedures
Missed Approach due to Weather Military Exception |
-Fly to alternate using the MEA appropriate for the route segment being flown.
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Aircraft on a flight in which a delay enroute is planned will commence descent at the destination at the estimated time of arrival derived from the estimated time enroute PLUS any delay for which an ATC clearance has been received.
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IFR instrumented Aircraft required to file IFR except when-
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(a) Flight is primarily for VFR training.
(b) Time will not permit mission completion under IFR. (c) Mission can only be accomplished under VFR. (d) Excessive air traffic control (ATC) departure, en route, or terminal area delays are encountered. (e) Hazardous weather conditions must be avoided. (f) Aircraft is being flown single pilot. |
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Alternate Airfield Required-
Alternate Airfield- |
-Predominant Weather ETA through 1hr< 400' and 1nm
-Radar Rqd -Navaid unmto Not required if descent from minimum IFR alt., approach, and landing can be made VFR; same applies to alternate. |
-Worst Weather ETA through 1hr <400' and 1 nm
-Radar Rqd -Navaid unmto -GPS Rqd -No Class B, C, C, or E airspace in effect -Planned approach is A NA |
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Minimum IFR departure WX-
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>50hrs actual WX time as PC: None
otherwise: (helicopter) 100' and 1//4mile or 1200rvr |
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VFR on top-
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No greater than 30m, unless-
Aircraft equiped for IMC flight and not restricted from it All IFR rules and requirements can be met for rest of the flight |
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