Arguments

Front 1

Fallacies

Back 1

misleading arguments or false causes

Front 2

understanding fallacies

Back 2

understand what rules they break

Front 3

hypothetical syllogism

Back 3

if p then q
if q then r
therefore if p then r

Front 4

disjunctive syllogism

Back 4

p or q
not -p
therefore q

Front 5

dilemma

Back 5

p or q
if p then r
if q then s
therefore r or s

Front 6

ad misericordiam

Back 6

appealing to pity as an argument for special treatment

Front 7

ad populum

Back 7

appealing to the emotions of the crowd

Front 8

affirming the consequent

Back 8

a deductive fallacy
if p then q
q
therefore p

Front 9

begging the question

Back 9

implicitly using your conclusion as a premise (fallacies)

Front 10

complex question

Back 10

posing an issue in such a way that people can't agree or disagree

Front 11

red hearing

Back 11

an irrelevant subject that diverts the attention from the main argument

Front 12

weasel word

Back 12

changing the meaning of a word in the middle of your argument so that your conclusion can be maintained

Front 13

ad ignorantiam

Back 13

arguing that a claim is true just because it has not been shown to be false (fallacies)

Front 14

affirming the consequent

Back 14

if p then q
q
therefore p (Falacies)

Front 15

Denying the antecedent

Back 15

a deductive falacie
if p then q
~ P
Therefore ~q

Front 16

Modus Ponens [MP]

Back 16

if p then q
p
therefore q

Front 17

Modus Tollens [MT]

Back 17

mode of taking
if p then q
~q
Therefore ~ p

Front 18

Hypothetical Syllogism [HS]

Back 18

if p then q
if q then r
therefore if p then r

Front 19

Disjuntive Syllogism [DS]

Back 19

p or q
~P
Therefore Q

Front 20

Dilemma

Back 20

p or q
if p then r
if q then s
therefore r or s

Front 21

Constructive Dilemma

Back 21

CD = (P then Q) x (R then S)
P or R
Q or S

Front 22

Simplification

Back 22

A x B
A
B

Front 23

Conjunction

Back 23

AxB

Front 24

ad hominem

Back 24

attacking the person of the authority

Front 25

ad misericordiam

Back 25

appel to pity

Front 26

ad populum

Back 26

appel to emotions of the crowd

Front 27

affirming the consequent

Back 27

if p then q
Q
Therefore P (Fallacy)

Front 28

begging the question

Back 28

using your conclusion as a premise

Front 29

Circular argument

Back 29

using your conclusion as a premise (same as begging the question)

Front 30

complex question

Back 30

Posing a question people cannot agree or disagree with

Front 31

denying the antecent

Back 31

if p then q
~P
Therefore ~Q (fallacy)

Front 32

Equivocation

Back 32

stick to one meaning for each term (weasel word)

Front 33

False cause

Back 33

questionable conclusion about cause and effect

Front 34

false dilemma

Back 34

reducing the options you consider to two, is unfair to other side

Front 35

loaded laguage

Back 35

avoid it! avoid language whse only function is to sway the emotions

Front 36

non sequitur

Back 36

a conclusion that does not follow and is not reasonable from the evidence

Front 37

person who fallacy

Back 37

Background information is crucial

Front 38

persuasive definition

Back 38

appear straightforward but in fact is loaded

Front 39

petitio principii

Back 39

putting your conclusion in your premise (same as begging the question)

Front 40

Poisioning the well

Back 40

using loaded language to disparage an argument

Front 41

post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Back 41

(after this, therefore because of this)

Front 42

red herring

Back 42

an irrelevant subject brought in to divert from main argument

Front 43

straw man

Back 43

caricaturing an opposing view so that it is easy to refute

Front 44

weasel word

Back 44

changing the meaning of a word in the middle of the argument so the conclusion stays true