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459 Cards in this Set

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According to codes, all exit stairways must be located within ____ of any point in the building.
200' in a sprinlered building
150' in a non-sprinklered building
Spray on fireproofing and insulation containing asbestos are likely to be found in buildings constructed before...
1973
The NEC or a similar code in effect in a jurasdiction will often specify that electrical system components be...
UL listed
Rules for placing conduit in concrete...
- Aluminum should not be used due to cracking and spalling when aluminum reacts with concrete.

- Placed in part of slab under tension, like rebar

- Cover with at least 3/4" of concrete

- Outside diameter of conduit should be no greater than 1/3 the slab thickness

- conduits should be spaced at least 3 times the outside diameter of the largest tube.
Fire extinguishers should be located no more than ____ft away from every building occupant.
75 ft
According to the ADA, sinks should be no deeper than...
6-1/2"
The NFRC (National Fenestration Rating Council) Requires the following info on a window label.
U-factor
SHGC
Visible light transmittance (VT)
The tilt of the earth in relation to the position of the Sun is called the...
Declination Angle
December 21(winter solstice) -23.5 Degrees
June 21(summer solstice) +23.5
The highest solar intensity occurs when a recieving surface is perpendicular to the solar vector. This intensity is called...
Direct Normal Intensity
Using convection to suck fresh air up through an open gable is referred to as...
Thermosiphoning
In solar design, a system in which the collector device and the storage device are separate is...
Active System,
Active systems are those in which the collector and storage are separate, such as when a collector is on the roof and the storage tank is in the basement
In solar design, a system in which the collector device and the storage device are in a single device is...
Passive System
Trombe walls and mass walls are examples of passive systems
Insolation is described as...
The total solar radiation on a horizontal surface.
What shape results in the least exterior surface area?
Cube
Any building that minimizes total exterior area will generally use less energy. But generally works better for cold climates, and external load dominated bldgs.
Ideal shape for cool and cold climates...
Square or cubic, skin area should be minimized.
For the same floor area a 2 story building is better.
Ideal shape for temperate climates...
For temperate climates, shape has less of an effect, but a building elongated in the east-west direction has some advantages for solar heat gain, daylighting, and minimum heat gain in the summer.
A square shape is best but should include open courtyards for external load dominated bldgs and massive, multistory bldgs. for internal load dominated bldgs.
What climate am I?
Hot-Arid
A elongated shape in the east-west direction are preferable to allow breezes, provide natural cooling, and minimize severe heat gain from the east and west directions. Courtyards and broad overhangs are also useful.
What climate am I?
Hot-Humid
When an outer layer of glazing is built around an existing building, the system is known as a...
Dynamic Buffer Zone
Primarily constructed to prevent and control condensation that may result from remodeling and upgrading the existing building with higher humidity levels.
Which type of glass is good for a cold climate?
Low -E
It has a low U-value. which means that it can minimize heat loss while still allowing some solar heat gain.
Allows
A pre-fabricated, hollow-core slab through which cool night air circulates to assist the next days hottest hours.
Termodeck
Developed in Scandinavia in the 1950's, this is a triple-glazed window that passes room air between a typical outer double-glazed window and an inner single pane.
Air-Extract, Air Curtain, or Climate Window
Shadow mask
A sun chart is used to determine the best design for overhangs and other shading devices and to plot the shading effects of surrounding structures and vegetation on a building using solar heating or daylighting.
Name the 3 types of PV Cells
Crystalline - Most widely used, generate most power
Polycrystalline - Less Expensive, Less power than crystalline
Thin-Film - Can be deposited onto other material, 1/3 as much power as crystalline.
What is the ideal angle of a PV array
Latitude of building +/- 15 degrees
A passive or active design that uses thermal mass to colect and store heat during the day and release at night. Works best for areas with high diurnal temperature swings like the southwest or temperate climates.
Radiative cooling
AKA Nocturnal cooling or Night cooled mass
What is TAB as it pertains to commissioning?
Testing, Adjusting, Balancing
Which part of the country are the following energy sources most economical?
Electricity
Natural Gas
Oil
Electricity - Northwest
Natural Gas - Midwest
Oil - Northeast
A north south section is drawn and at 3 times of the year (each solstice and the equinox) the noon solar angle is determined then the....
Band of sun that strikes the building and site is drawn.
The 6 best collection hours for solar energy is...
9:00am - 3:00pm
Correctly attached to a model of any scale, allows a designer to quickly determine exact sun penetration and shadow patterns at many times for any date.
Sunpeg Chart
to provide maximimum access to winter sun, planting within the "protected zone" should be avoided. What is the criteria?
The distance from the building to the trees or shrubs should be at least twice the height of the trees or shrubs. With a 30 degree angle from the edges of the bldg,
Unit of pollution
Olf (G)
1 Olf = bioeffluents of the average person...
Unit of percieved air quality
Decipol (C)
The amount of the sun's radiation (heat energy) reaching the earths outer atmosphere is relatively constant and is called the...
Solar Constant
433 Btu/ft2 hr
The 2 primary means of calculating infiltration.
The Air change method

Crack method V=total lin ft of window/door edge x Air leakage rate
Design Intent vs. Design Criteria
Design Intent: High level Outcomes of design process.
Example: The building will provide outstanding comfort to it's occupants.

Design Criteria: benchmarks against which success or failure in meeting design intent is measured.
Example: Thermal conditions will meet the requirmements of ASHRAE Standard...
Direct Gain =
Indirect Gain =
Isolated Gain =
Direct Gain = (Let sunlight into space where it warms exposed thermally massive surfaces)

Indirect Gain = (Sun strikes the thermal mass first and is then passed only as heat to the space behind)

Isolated Gain = (A sunspace or greenhouse heated greatly by the sun that then passes some of it's heat to the space behind)
The horizontal angle between a vertical plane containing the sun and a plane perpendicular to the plane in question.
Bearing angle
Filter that uses static electricity to attract particles. Can deplete ozone
Electronic air cleaners
What are the characteristics of a Fire-Partition and where are they used?
Wall with a 1 hour fire resistance rating.
It is used for walls in corridors or for seperation between units in
- Apartments
- Dormitories
- Assisted Living Facilities
- Hotels
- Covered Malls
- Corridor walls
What are the characteristics of a Smoke Barrier and where are they used?
Continuous vertical or horizontal membrane with a 1 hour min. rating. Designed to resist the movement of smoke. Opening must have at least a 20 minute rating.
Requirements for plastic piping of potable water...
Only PVDC (Polyvinyl Dichloride)(Sometimes called CPVC) may be used for hot watter.
Cold water pipe must bear NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) official seal.
Pressure regulators are required when water pressure exceeds...
80 psi
Direct Contact Water heaters
Heats water by passing hot gases directly through the water.
A heat exchanger may be added to the combustion chamber to reclaim heat lost from the chamber.
Water considered safe for human consumption.
Up to 99% Efficient
Since they are a high cost alternative, they are best used where there is a continuous demand for hot water, such as food processing, laundries, and industrial purposes.
Currently _____gal. toilets are mandated by law in the US
1.6
This pump is most common for small small bldgs. or private residences.
Submersible Pump
Has a waterproof motor and pump placed below the water line and pump water to a pressure tank.
Static head
0.433psi to lift water 1'
Or 1psi to lift water 2.33'
Tank mounted on roof supplies water to upper stories. Water is supplied from the main boosted by pump in the basement.
Downfeed System

Pressure is determined by height of tank above a given floor, not by pump.
If a flush toilet at the top of a downfeed system requires 15psi of water pressure, how high above the fixture must the tank be located?
15/0.434 = 35ft above fixture.
or 15x2.33

This does not account for friction loss, so the number would be higher.
Characteristics of Direct Upfeed pumping system, or tankless system for medium sized buildings
One or more variable speed pumps that supply water at demand rate (controlled by sensors)
Doesn't take up as much space but pumps have short life.
Depending on the fixture the maximum pressure in a plumbing system ranges from...
45 to 60psi
Beyond this, pressure reducing valves may be required.
Characteristics of Steel or Galvanized steel water supply pipes
Most commonly schedule 40
May be used where water is not corrosive.
Type ______ copper has the thickest walls and comes in straight lengths _________ or in coils _________
Type K
Straight Lengths = Hard Temper
Coils = Soft Temper
Used for underground supply pipe or where strength is needed
Type _______ copper comes in straight lengths or coils and is the type most commonly used for the plumbing systems in a building.
Type L Copper
Type _______ copper comes only in straight lengths, is the thinnest of all copper pipes and is used only where low pressure is involved. Such as branch supply lines, chilled water systems, exposed lines in heating systems, and drainage piping.
Type M Copper
There must be adequate pressure at the most remote fixture after deducting various pressure losses from the available pressure at the water main. The sum of all these values must be equal to or less than the water main pressure...
Pressure at most remote fixture
+ Pressure loss from static head
+ Pressure loss from friction in piping and fittings
+ Pressure loss through water meter
_____________________________
<= Total water main pressure
Fixture unit is a unit flow rate approximately equal to....
1 cubic foot / minute
When the supply main is 1-1/2" or greater, the typical meter size is __________ smaller than the main.
One pipe size
Heating water directly in a black-painted tank inside a glazed box...
batch system or breadbox heater
Within the bldg. and to a point 3' outside the building the sanitary line is called the...
House Drain (Building Drain)
From a point 3' outside the bldg. to the main sewer line or private disposal the sanitary line is called...
House Sewer (Building Sewer)
The usual minimum slope for branch lines of house drains and sewers is...
1/4"/ft
For pipes larger than 3" 1/8"/ft is sometimes allowed.
Changes in direction must be made with easy bends rather than right angle fittings.
Piping for drainage may be
DWV Copper
Cast Iron
PVC
ABS
Occasionally bldg codes will allow vitrified clay, but the joints allow tree roots to grow into them so they are seldom used.
Cast Iron pipe is required for the house sewer.
Floor Drain traps
Due to seldom use, traps must be deeper so that water cannot evaporate.
Manholes are located....
at every change in direction and at intervals of 150'
A large porous container where water collects and seeps into the ground...
Drywell
Often connected to the drain leaders of a gutter system.
Facts about boiler / chiller rooms...
- Boiler rooms and chilled water plants should be adjacent when possible.

- Ceiling hieghts vary, but generally 12' is minimum

- Rooms should be long and narrow and sized to best accomodate the equipment

- Equipment is heavy, so it is best to place them on the ground floor to avoid additional structural support but not required
When several pumps are used to deliver various flow rates of water. When a very small rate is desired a ______ pump starts.
Jockey
This simple process can remove iron and manganese and improve the tast and color of water.
Aeration
A refrigeration loop used to bring heat into a space instead of removing heat from it is a...
Heat Pump.
A Heat Pump is equivalent of running an air conditioner in reverse.
The overall rate of heat flow through any combination of materials, including airspaces and air layers and the interior and exterior of a buildings assembly is known as...
Coefficient of heat transmission
Expressed as = U
The total conductance of all material in assembly.
The number of BTU's per Hr. that pass through 1sq ft of homogenous material of a given thickness when the temperature differential is 1 degree F is known as...
Conductance
Expressed as C (Same as Conductivity except that the material is a thickness other than 1")
Reciprocal of Resistance (R)
The number of BTU's per Hr. that pass through 1sq ft of homogenous material 1" thick when the temperature differential is 1 degree F is known as...
Conductivity
Expressed as = k

(If the material thickness is different than 1" it is known as Conductance)
The total heat in a substance, including latent and sensible heat is?
Enthalpy
The number of hours needed for 1 BTU to pass through 1 sq ft of homogenous material or assembly of a given thickness when the temperature differential is 1d F...
Resistance
Expressed as = R
Reciprocal of = C
Specific Heat
A measure of a materials capacity to store heat.
The number of BTU's needed to raise the the temperature of a specific material by 1d F
What is the surface temperature of the skin?
Approx. 85 degrees

if the surface temperatures of the surrounding are higher or lower, the body will gain or lose heat through radiation.
Why is MRT important in colder weather?
Because in lower temperature the body loses more heat through radiation than by evaporation.
What is the unit that quantifies the effects of clothing?
Clo
1 Clo = equal to the typical American Man's business suit
0.88 ft2 h /Btu
The study of water vapor content of air is known as...
Psychrometry
Heat gain from lighting can be found by...
Multiplying the total wattage of lighting load of the building by 3.41
gives total Btu/hr generated by lighting.

To account for the ballast in fluorescent lights, multiply the total Btu/hr by 1.25 (rule of thumb)
Heat loss through infiltration is calculated by the formula...
q(v)=V(1.08)(delta)T


q(v)= Sensible heat lossdue to infiltration Btu/hr
1.08= accounts for the specific heat of air; that is, the amount of heat that ar at a certain density can hold.
Condensor / Evaporator
Condensor = Sheds heat
Evaporator = Absorbs heat
What are the disadvantages of using oil to heat?
Its cost is dependant on world and local market conditions
It must be stored in or near the building
Its equipment needed for burning is subject to more maintenance than gas fired boilers.
What grade are the grades of oil, and which ones are used for residential and commercial applications?
The lower the number the more refined and more expensive.
No.1
No.2 - Residential and light commercial
No.4
No.5 light \ Larger commercial applications (no.5)
No.5 heavy /
No.6
At what temperature is a heat pump not competetive with oil or gas
40 degrees
A heat pump is more effective in mild climates where winter temperatures are usually moderate.
To extend its efficiency, a heat pump can be connected to a solar energy system.
Where to use different type of furnaces...
Upflow...
Downflow...
Horizontal...
Uplflow - return air is supplied at the bottom of the unit and delivered to the bonnet above where it is distributed through ductwork.

Downflow - Oposite of upflow, used where ductwork is in the basement or crawl space and the furnace is located at the first floor.

Horizontal - used in areas where headroom is limited, such as crawlspaces.
A ton of refrigeration is...
A unit used to describe the capacity of a refrigeration system.
It is the cooling effect obtained when 1 ton of 32 degree ice melts to water at 32 degrees in 24 hrs.
Equivalent to 12,000 Btu/hr
The capacity of a refrigeration machine can be determined by...
...dividing the total heat gain in Btu/hr by 12,000
Constant volume, single duct system...
The most basic kind of system, used for residential or small commercial.
asimple and easy to operate but cannot be zoned.
The only control is by adjusting dampers at registers
Characteristics of a Reheat (constant volume) system...
Takes outside air and cools and dehumidifies the mixture. Air is reheated as required by water or electricity.
If the reheating equipment is located near theconditioned space, it is called a terminal reheat. If it is located in the ductwork to serve an entire zone, it is called Zone reheat.

Advantages: Humidity and temp can be carefully controlled, smaller duct sizes and lower fan horsepower.

Disadvantages: Air must be cooled, then reheated.
A system where air is supplied to a central mixing unit where seperate heating and cooling coils produce hot and cold air. These are mixed with dampers that are controlled by thermostats and the resulting air is delivered to the zone through a single duct.
Multizone unit
Offers same advantage of simultaneous heating or cooling of different zones as a dual-duct system.
Duct space increases rapidly as more zones are added.
Usually only used for medium sized building or where a central mixing unit is located on each floor.
for preliminary sizing of mechanical rooms for medium to large buildings allow...
3-9% all-air or air-water
1-3% all water
Sizing of mechanical rooms for boilers and chillers
Boilers and chillers require rooms long enough to remove the tubes so room must be slightly longer than twice the length of the equipment.
12-18' high
This cycle uses outdoor air when it is cool enough to mix with recirculated indoor air. When is this useful?
Economizer cycle
Reduces energy required for refrigeration and is useful when outdoor temperature is approx. 60
When bldg heating is not needed a heat rejection condensor sends heat to the cooling tower. If bldg heating is needed, a seperate heat recovery condensor is used. What type of chiller am I?
Dual-Condenser Chiller
For refrigeration equipment 2 condensers are used instead of 1
Characteristics of Gas-Fired Absorption Chillers
Absorption chillers, though not as efficient as electrically driven chillers, have a higher initial cost and reject more heat to cooling towers, they may be more efficient for large buildings, especially in areas where electricity is expensive. May be able to utilize low cost heat from steam or other industrial processes.
...recovers heat from flue gases that would normally be discharged by cooling flue gas temperatures enough to achieve condensation. Reclaimed heat is used to preheat the cool water entering building or compustion air.
Recuperative Gas Boiler / Boiler Fuel Economizer
Three common devices used to make air to air heat exchange.
1. Flat plate heat recovery units (Sensible heat only)
2. Energy transfer wheels (Sensible and Latent (humidity)
3. Heat pipes (Sensible heat only
Water to Water heat exchangers
Also called a runaround coil. Uses water or some other medium to exchange heat.
Main advantage is that the incoming and outgoing air do not need to be adjacent.
In a building control system, the range of temperature within which neither heating nor cooling is needed.
Deadband
Computer-based system used to monitor and control facility energy use.
(EMS)
Energy Management System

Typically part of a building automation system (BAS)
The single number figure of merit based on part-load EER or COP expressing part load efficiency for air-conditioning or heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment
(IPLV)
Integrated Part Load Value
The total cooling output of a central air conditioning system or heat pump in the cooling mode measured in Btu/hr, during it's normal usage period divided by the total electrical input in watt-hours
(SEER)
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
The minimum SEER for residential equipment is 13
Phase change materials
Typically Eutectic salts that change from a solid to a liquid at a low temp. around 70d. They store large amounts of heat because they store latent heat as they undergo the phase change from solid to a liquid
The outdoor temperature at which a building makes a transition from a heating need to a cooling need.
Balance point temperature
The ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing product to the solar heat gain through an unshaded 1/8" thick, clear double-strength glass under the same set of conditions.
Shading coefficient
Represent the glass only and does not include the frame.
A value between 0.0 and 1.0
Because it only includes the glass the SHGC is considered more accurate.
exhaust gas from a boiler is usually taken horizontally through a flue called the ______. The vertical flue section is called the _______
Breeching
Stack
This HVAC system does not perform well with perimeter zones in cold climates.
All-Air
Air- Water is a better option
A ____ relative humidity change will affect a person's comfort about as much as 25°F (1°C) change in temperature.
30%
The absorption refrigeration cycle needs about ___ times the heat-rejection capacity of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
2
Which boiler type is preferred for energy conservation?
Modular Boiler
Uses a continuous flow of temperate water to extract heat from areas that need to be cooled and add to areas that need to be heated.
Water-Loop heat pump
An air distribution system in which supply air enters at floor level and rises to return air grilles in the ceiling...
Displacement Ventilation
A good system for removing heat generated by ceiling level lights and improving indoor air quality.
A material used as an Air Barrier must have an Air Permeability not exceeding ______ CFM/ft2 under a pressure differential of _____ " of water
0.004
0.3

Materials meeting this criteria...
1/2" Gyp. Wallboard
Foil Faced urethane insulation
Glass
Metal
Urethane Foam
Modified Bit. self adhering membranes
Cement board
Among others...
PH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water and is on a scale from ______ to ______
A PH of ______ is Neutral, anything lower is considered ________ anything higher is considered _________
PH varies on a scale of 0-14
7 is neutral
Anything lower than 7 is considered Acidic and can be considered Corrosive.
Anything over 7 is considered Alkaline
Rainwater is slightly acidic
the area of operable windows required in a naturally ventilated building is...
IBC - 4% of floor area
A ground source heat pump is useful for heating...
the home, is not capable of heating water enough for domestic use.
placed over a register or diffuser to measure output...
Flow hood
Formula for calculating heat gain from equipment
q=1500(BHP)
Formula for calculating insolation or total radiant heat gain through windows.
q=(SG)(SC)A
The primary determinants of thermal comfort are...
- Air temperature
- Humidity
- Surface temperature
- Air motion
- Activity level
- Clothing
Which of the following buildings would have the highest % of construction costs allocated to HVAC.
-Restaurant
-Climate controlled mini-warehouse
-Hospital
-Parking garage
-Restaurant = 40%
-Climate controlled mini-warehouse = 10%
-Hospital = 20%
-Parking garage = 0% (typically no HVAC)
A heat pump returns _______of its electrical input as heat to a building when the outdoor air is above freezing.
200%
People easily tolerate air motion outdoors up to about ____fpm but indoors lowered to _____fpm
outdoors =600 fpm
indoors = 400 fpm
The difference between the temperatures of 2 opposite surface as experienced by a body seated between them when one surface is different in temperature from the other surfaces.
Radiant Asymmetry
At a rate of 1 ACH of outdoor air, an indoor space will have only ____% "new" air after 1 hour. About ______hrs at this rate is required for all "old"air to be exhausted.
63%
8 hrs
A rotating wheel cooling process that uses silica gel rather than refrigerant. Lowers humidity as the gel or desiccant absorbs moisture in the air.
Desiccant Cooling
A generally accepted air exchange rate for air cleaning equipment is:
6-10 ACH
Heat flow through a slab on grade is strongly related to...
Slab perimeter length
Heat flow below grade through basement walls follows a...
radial pattern perpendicular to soil isotherms.
The variance in temperature throughout a construction assembly is known as a...
thermal gradiant.
The measure of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given mass of material by 1 degree
Specific heat.
It takes less heat to raise the temperature of a low specific heat material
mass ft3 x specfic heat = thermal capacity
Oxygen constitutes about ____ of air
1/5 th
The absorption refrigeration cycle needs about ___ times the heat-rejection capacity of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
2
The normal concentration of oxygen in air is....
21%
A system that captures the heat of flue gases to warm cold water...
Boiler fuel economizer
A good guidline for selecting a cooling system for a home is to assume that approx. 1 ton of cooling capacity will be necessary for every _____sq ft of living space.
500 sq ft for older homes

1,000 sq ft for newer homes
Compared to a rural environment, a city receives ____ ultraviolet radiation in the winter.
30%
Formula for efficiency
Efficiency = Output / Input
Formula for Power Factor
Power Factor = Watts/ VI
In a parallel circuit, current at each load depends upon:
The resistance of each load
The ratio between the average and the maximum power demands of a building is known as...
The overall load factor (or load factor)
A building with a low load factor implies a building with an inneficient use of energy and a high demand charge.
Levies a demand charge for a number of months based on the maximum demand in a single month.
Ratchet clause
A contact is considered normally open if it is open when it is __________
not energized
The minimum period of power outage that computers must tolerate without disturbance.
8.3 ms
What is the UL and NEC rule regarding breaker panels and breakers?
The must be of the same brand.
For example, GE panels must use GE breakers or they will be in violation of the NEC.
Advantages and disadvantages of using electricity as a fuel source.
Advantages...
-Easy to install
-Low in installation cost
-Simple to operate
-does not require storage facilities

Disadvantages...
-Cost compared to other fuels
In most cases, there can be no more than _______ 90 degree bends between electrical pull boxes.
4
Advantages of electronic ballasts for flourescent lights
Lower power consumption
Silent Operation
Ease of dimming
reduced flicker of lamp
What precautions should be taken when using aluminum conductors?
- Leads should be cleaned prior to making connections

- Licensed electricians should be required to perform the installation

- Larger sizes will be needed than if copper conductors are used
The formula to find power in a 3 phase circuit is...
P = VI(PF)(Square root of 3)
Transformer specs should call out...
-Type of transformer
-Phase
-Voltage
-kVA rating
-Sound level
-Insulation class
Which of the following connections is not recommended for a 3-phase transormer?
Delta to Delta
Delta to Wye
Wye to Delta
Wye to Wye
Wye to Wye
These are rarely used because they can cause harmonics and can interfere with communication systems within the building.
Nonresidential buildings consume ____ to ____% of total electrical energy utilized.
25 -60%
A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) receptacle is required when the receptacle is within what maximum distance of a water source?
6'
Formula to determine the total resistance in a parallel circuit...
1/R(tot) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

In a series circuit the resistance is simply added together.
All 3 phase voltages have a ratio of...
1:1.73
Example
120/208
277/480
A step down transformer has a larger number of turns in it's ________ winding
primary
Used for the smallest facilities such as outbuildings and isolated small loads.
60-A service max
120-V, Single Phase, 2-wire
This service is used for residences, small stores, and other occupancies where the load does not exceed 80-A, although 100-A is consisdered minimum
120/240-V, Single Phase, 3-wire
Actual loads can be 110/220, 115/230, 120/240 (considered industry standard)
Formula to find kVA
kVA = IV(1000)
By multiplying the total Current x Volts you get VA x 1000 = kVA
Power system for commercial buildings. Applicable to all facilities except very large ones.
12/208-V, Three Phase, 4-wire
This system is applicable to large buildings where lighting is primarily fluorescent or HID and the 120v load does not exceed 1/3 of the total load
277/480-V, 3-Phase, 4 wire
provides 277v for lighting and 480v for machinery. Transformers are used to step down from 480v for 120v loads.
This system is used only in very large commercial or industrial buildings with machinery requiring these voltages.
2400/4160-V, 3-Phase, 4-wire
service entrance cabe nomenclature.
SE
When it is provided with moistureproofing for underground use it is SE type U or simply USE
Formula to find the power in an AC circuit.
P=VI(PF)(1.73)
the light arriving at a surface is the sum of the light arriving from all of the sources, and can be expressed by repeating the point grid formula for each source. This is known as...
Abney's Law
The optimum lighting is based on a theoretical sphere surrounding the object being illuminated with the light cast evenly from all parts of the sphere, this is called...
Equivalent Shperical Illumination (ESI)
Name 5 ways to achieve toplighting with daylight...
-Light pipes
-Skylights
-Roof Monitors
-Sawtooth roof
-Sloped glazing
Using a one-way slab allows the window to be placed higher in the space allowing more daylight to penetrate into the space.
Visible light from the sun and sky, reflected by exterior surfaces below the plane of the horizon.
Ground Light
The fraction of visible light that passes through a glazing material.
(VLT)
Visible Light Transmittance
3 types of reflection
Specular - smooth polished surface, angle of incidence = angle of relection

Diffuse - Uniformly rough surface, uniformly bright, image of source cannot be seen

Combined Specular Diffuse - Makes surface appear brighter at the point where the source is shining than in surrounding areas.
What should the lighting designer be concerned with when addressing the quality of light?
Glare
Contrast
Uniformity
Color
Direct glare vs. indirect glare zones...
Direct glare - Anything above a 45 degree angle from the light source

Reflected glare - Anything below a 45 degree angle from the light source.
Veiling reflections
Reflected glare occurs when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye. If it interferes with the task it is known as a veiling reflection.
3 types of fluorescent lamps...
Pre-heat
Rapid Start
Instant Start
What are the specifications of a fluorescent fixture with the following details
F40T12WW/RS
F - Fluorescent lamp
40- 40 Watts
T- Tubular Shape
12- 12/8" Diameter
WW - Warm White
RS - Rapid Start
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 prohibits the manufacture or importation of several lamps, among these include...
F40T12 - Replaced with 32 watt T8
U - Shaped Lamps
Name the lamp
An electric arc is passed through high pressure mercury vapor which causes it to produce both UV and visible light. Primarily in the blue-green band. For improved color rendition, phosphors can be applied to to produce more light in the yellow and red bands.
Mercury Vapor - 30-50 lm/W
CRI 17-45
Name that lamp
Similar to Mercury lamps, except that halides of metal are added to the arc tube. This increases efficacy and color rendition but decreases lamp life.
Metal Halide - 50-100 lm/W
CRI 93
Name that lamp
Produces light by passing an electric arc through hot sodium vapor, one of the most efficient lamps available. Color rendition acceptable for a wide variety of applications. It takes a minute to restart so is no suitable for areas where security or life safety are a factor.
High Pressure sodium - 80-140 lm/W
CRI 25
Name that lamp
Produces light by passing an electric arc through hot sodium vapor, very high efficacy but produce a monochromatic light of a deep yellow color making them suitable for areas where CR is not important. Street Lighting
Low Pressure Sodium - 150 lm/W
0-18
A freestanding light that directs most of it's output to ceiling is a...
Torchere
If a lighted surface is perpendicular to the direction of the source. the Illumination is determined by the following formula
E = I/d(sq)

E = Illumination in fc
I = Luminous Intensity of the light source in candlepower
d(sq) = Distance Squared
For surfaces not perpendicular to the light source, the point grid method must be used using the following formula
E = I cos(angle) / d(sq)

E = Illumination in fc
I = Luminous Intensity of the light source in candlepower
d(sq) = Distance Squared
The usual minimum lighting level for emergency lighting is ______ at the floor level.
1 fc
In Theaters and auditoriums, this level may be decreased to .2 but must be restored to 1 fc upon activation of the buildings alarm system
Emergency lighting is required in exit stairs, corridors as well as certain occupancies such as places of assembly, educational facilities, hazardous locations, and other places where occupant loads exceed a given number.
For a window with no light shelf, daylighting is effective for a distance of about ______ times the head height of the window. With a light shelf, ______ times the head height.
without Light shelf = 1.5 x the height of the head

With light shelf = 2.0 to 2.5 x the height of the head
Which unit would be used to measure the brightness of daylight coming through a window?
Footlambert
This is the unit of measure of the brightness of a surface and takes into account the transmittance properties of glass
Adding white to a color pigment results in a ________, adding black to a color pigment results in a ________.
________ is a characteristic of a pigment that describes it's lightness or darkness.
White = Tint
Black = Shade
Value is a characteristic of a pigment that describes it's lightness or darkness.
Light has a speed of ________ mps
186,000
The angle of the shadow that is cast by the sun.
Profile angle
Which type of lamp must be installed in a specified burning position?
Metal Halide
Base up
Base down
Horizontal
Universal
The Zonal Cavity Method equation...
E = Nn(LL)(LLD)(DDF)(CU)/A

N = Number of fixtures

n = Number of lamps

LL = Lumens per lamp

LLD = lamp lumen depreciation factor

DDF = Dirt depreciation factor

CU = Coefficient of utilization

A = Area of space
In the United States, the vertical shadow angle is sometimes also called:
The profile angle
A surface that is a perfect diffuser is known as a...
Lambertian surface
What is the minimum recommended VCP (Visual comfort probability)
70 or more is good
Normal viewing angle of a task on a horizontal surface ranges from...
20 - 40 degrees
25 is most common
Color temp. can only be assigned to lamps that produce light by heating. Other lights sources such as fluorescent are assigned a
CCT - Correlated Color Temperature
The brightest area of luminance in a cloudy sky is:
at the Zenith
3 types of dimming ballasts
Analog
Digital
Wireless Infrared
The EPACT mandates minimum standards for lamps in terms of...
Efficacy
CRI
Daylight factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of ____.
Indoor Illuminance to available outdoor illuminance
For fluorescent lamps, dimming down to ____ of output is possible without substantially reducing luminous efficacy.
40%
When a light source produces energy over the entire visible spectrum in approximately equal quantities, the light appears as:
White
In commercial buildings lighting is estimated to account for ____ percent of the building's electric energy consumption.
Over 60
The coefficient of utilization (CU) for a luminaire is an indication of:
The effectiveness of a luminaire in delivering light in a given space.
Daylighting qualifies for a LEED© credit if a daylight factor of ____ in ____ of all occupied spaces is achieved.
2% in 75% of all spaces
In general, with a sidelighting system any interior area more than ____feet from a window will need to be electrically lit.
30
One daylighting design guideline suggests that there should be sufficient workplane illuminance from a window up to a distance of ____ times the head height of the window (height of the window above the desk plane) .
2.5
Which daylighting analysis method(s) work(s) only for a rectilinear space.
CIE method and the IESNA Lumen Method
Often large projects made up of many large buildings are well served by one central heating and cooling plant. This is know as...
District heating and cooling
The Luminous Transmittance of a material such as a luminaire lens or diffuser is a measure of it's capability to transmit incident light. This quantity is the ratio of the total transmitted light to the total incident light and is called...
Transmittance
Transmission factor
and Coefficient of transmission
The method used to calculate the average maintained illuminance in a space is the:
Zonal Cavity Method
Design criteria for residential spaces are included in which of the following publications:
IESNA publication RP-11: Design criteria for interior living space.
Problems with veiling reflections can best be reduced by..
substituting ambient light for direct light fixtures.
The best way to reduce is to provide general background illumination (ambient light)
Rule for overlight/underlight
lab, studio, exam room, office... slightly overlit.

Storage, reception, waiting... slightly underlit
FC for Casual tasks
10-20
FC Ordinary tasks
20-100
FC for moderate tasks
100-200
FC for difficult tasks
200-400
In areas of unobstructed forward reach,light switches and thermostats may be located a maximum of...
48" AFF
the approximate hearing range of a healthy young persons hearing is _______ Hz to ________ Hz
20 - 20,000 Hz
The Human speaking voice has a range of approx. ______Hz to ______Hz
100-600Hz
But Harmonics (overtones) reach to Approx. 7500Hz
According to the Energy Policy Act of 1992, what is the max flow for the following fixtures.
Showerheads
Toilets
Urinals
Faucets and Aerators
Showerheads = 2.5 gpm
Toilets = 1.6 gpf
Urinals = 1.0 gpf
Faucets and Aerators = 2.5 gpm
Most speech information exists in the ________ frequencies while most of the acoustic energy is carried in _________ lower frequencies
Lower = Speech information
Upper = Acoustic energy
The rim of a lavatory should be no higher than ____" AFF
34"
ANSI/ASHRAE for Low rise residential buildings exhaust fans of at least _____cfm for bathrooms and _____cfm for kitchens.
50 cfm = bathroom
100 cfm = kitchen
The male voice centers it's energy around _____Hz
The female voice around ______Hz
500Hz Male
900Hz Female
Most experts place the safe 8 hour upper noise level at _____dBA
85 dBA
Impulse noise should not exceed a ____dB peak sound pressure level.
140
The ratio between the absorption of a given material and that of an open window.
Coeefficient of absorption or (absorption coefficient)
between 0.0 and 1.0 (100% absorption)
For absorbent materials, absorption is normally higher at ______ frequencies.
High Frequencies
In increasing order of effectiveness, absorbent materials can be applied...
1. Directly to the room surface

2. hung below ceiling and away from the walls

3. hung from the ceiling as louvers or baffles

4. made up into shapes such as cubes or tetrahedrons and suspended from the ceiling
A measure of the amount of sound generated by a source, independent of it's environment...
Sound Power Level (PWL)
A standardized system for rating the energy efficiency of a residential building.
(HERS)
Home Energy Rating System
A HERS score is a number value between 0-100 indicating the relative efficiency of a home as compared with the HERS Energy Efficient Reference Home.
Noise or sound in an enclosed space resulting from a source in that space, as affected by the characteristics of the space and the position of the listener.
Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Thus an end effect.
The ear cannot distinguish between sounds that arrive within a maximum of _____ms of eachother.
50 ms
Anything more is considered an echo, anything less is considered reverberation.
_________ green roofs use soil less than 6" deep supporting meadow grasses, sedums, herbs, and perennials.
Extensive
_________ green roofs use more than 6" deep soil and support complex landscapes, including shrubs and small trees along with ponds and fountains.
Intensive
Sound intensity level changes by ___ dB with every doubling or halving of power
3 dB
The extent to which a solar design reduces a bldg auxilary heat requirements relative to a reference energy conserving bldg is...
Solar Savings Fraction (SSF)
An AI (ratio of correctly identified syllables to total syllables) of ____ is usually deemed an acceptable level of intelligibility for a male voice.
0.5
Most indoor spaces contain the following sound fields:
A near field, a reverberant field, and a free field
Amplifiers must be rated to deliver sufficient power to produce intensity levels of ___dB for speech, ____dB for light music, and _____dB for symphonic music. this assumes a maximum background noise level of ____dB
80 db speech
95 db light music
105 db for symphonic music
60 db background noise level
Normal speech can be understood quite easily and distinctly through the wall.
25 STC
Space divider
Loud speech can be understood fairly well. Normal speech can beheard but not easily understood.
30 STC
Room divider where concentration is not essential
Loud speech can be faintly heard but not understood. Normal speech is inaudible.
42-45 STC
For dividing noisy and quiet areas; party wall between apartments
A solar projection used with sundials and sunpeg charts.
Gnomonic projection
Very loud sounds (such as loud signing, brass musical instruments, or a radio at full volume) can be heard only faintly or not at all.
46-50
Music room, practice room, sound studio, bedrooms adjacent to noisy areas
Solar projection used almost exclusivly in the US because of readily available suncharts
Equidistant projection
Transmission loss for a cavity wall increases with the width of the air space at the rate of ____ dB per doubling.
5 dB
A 2 dimensional graph of the suns position in Cartesian coordinates.
Rectilinear projection
Interior load vs. Skin load
Interior load = Thicker taller blgds. have more surface away from climate. Need more lighting.

Skin Load = Thinner bldgs, almost every space has exterior wall, daylighting reduces load generated by lights.
Optimum tilt for solar collector
Latitude plus 10-15 degrees
Azimuth = from due south to 15 degrees west of south.
Savonious Wind Turbine
A type a Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)
2 cups
Inefficient
Self Starting
When are automatic smoke and heat vents required?
-In one story buildings of group F and S over 50,000 sf

-Group H over 15,000 sf in a single floor area

Stages over 1000 sf require smoke vents
Darrieus Wind Turbine
A type a Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)
Shaped like eggbeater.
Efficient
not self starting
Horizontal Axis wind turbine
(HAWT)
2 types
Leadinf - points into wind
Trailing - point away from wind
Building commisioning can be expected to provide the following.
- Increased energy efficiency

- Improved indoor air quality

- A comprehensive training program (conducted by the CXA or contractor)

- Operations and maintenance manuals

Commisioning does not ensure verification of 100% of the building systems, that responsibility lies with the contractor. Does not include record drawings.
What would be a reasonable estimate for percentage of total costs for the electrical and mechanical systems in a new general hospital?
40%
What is the most efficient filter
HEPA
A filter that functions mainly to protect the fan from large particles. Not really suitable for air-cleaning
Particulate filters
Filter for gaseous contaminant removal
Adsorption Filter
Such as activated carbon
Filter sometimes used to control humidity and bacterial growth
Air Washer
Duct insulation for sound
Glue damping material on the outside, and duct liner on the inside. Damping material useful to keep ducts from resonating.
Mufflers and silencers are effective in reducing only the high frequency fan noise. Not so much with low pressure.
Define Flame Spread Rating
Rating from 0 to 200 as compared to glass-reinforced cement board (0) and red oak flooring (100)
Class:
A (I) = 0-25
B (II)= 26-75
C (III)= 76-200
Opening in Fire-Partitions must have a minimum rating of...
3/4 hour except for corridors which must be protected by 20 minute assemblies.
Some true statements regarding room absorption.
- The absorption coefficient of a room should be between 0.20 and 0.50

- In large rooms, absorptive treatments applied to the ceiling are more effective than wall treatments
What are the characteristics of a Fire-Barrier and where are they used?
Vertical or horizontal assembly designed to restrict the spread of fire, confine to limited areas or afford safe passage. Must always extend from floor to cieling

- Enclose vertical exit enclosures (stairway), exit passageway, horizontal exits, incidental use areas.
- Seperate mixed occupancies
- Seperate single occupancy into different fire areas
- Where fire barriers are specifically required by IBC
What are the characteristics of a Fire-Wall and where are they used?
Used to seperate a single structure into seperate construction types or to allow for area increases by creating esentially seperate building that are actually attached.
2-4 hour rating
Must extend continuous from foundation to or through roof.
Must be designed so one structure can collapse and leave the other standing.
A Measure of thermal sensitivity in fire sprinklers. Indicates how fast the sprinkler can absorb sufficient heat from it's surrounding to cause activation.
Response Time Index (RTI)
1" of rain per square foot of roof area, yields approx how much water
0.6 gallons
For a private residence, what is the minimum yield for a well...
5-10 gpm
Suction pumps are suitable for...
Shallow wells, less than 25'
Deep-well Jet pumps (also called venturi pumps) can operate in wells...
from 25' to over 100'
Sound an alarm only in the building. Action from the alarm must be handled locally
Protected-premise
A local fire alarm system with a direct connection to a municipal fire alarm box
Auxillary Fire Alarm
Which pump is best for High capacity systems with deep wells?
Turbine pumps
Alarm or trouble signal is transmitted to fire alarm or police station via a leased telephone line
Remote station protective signaling system
The practical limit for an upfeed system using the pressure at the main is
40-60'
in regard to noise criterion (NC) curves, __________frequency sounds are permitted to have a greater intensity that ___________frequency sounds.
Low frequency sounds are permitted to have a greater sound intensity than high frequency sounds
Standpipes are required in bldgs ____ or more stories high and those exceeding ____ ft
4 or more stories
150'
A measure of speech intelligibility calculated from the number of words read from a selected list that are understood by an audience...
Articulation Index

A low articulation index (less than 0.15) is desirable for speech privacy

High (above 0.6) is desirable for good communication.
About _____ ft/sec water in pipes becomes too noisy.
In sound sensitive situations, anything above ________ ft/sec is too noisy.
10 ft/sec
6 ft/sec
Reccomended point of use temperatures.
Therapeutic Baths
Hand washing
Showers and Baths
Residential Dishwashing
Comm. Laundromats and Commercial dishwashers
95 - Therapeutic Baths
105 - Hand washing
110 - Showers and Baths
140 - Residential Dishwashing
180 - Comm Laundromats and Commercial dishwashers

Above 110 water becomes uncomfortable to touch.
An active direct (open-loop) solar heating system that solves the problem of freezing by automatically draining the water from collectors when the temperature outside is near freezing.
Drain-down system
An active indirect (closed-loop) system that uses water as the heat collector fluid. Te heated water is pumped to a heat exchanger where a coil of domestic water is heated. When the controller senses the temp is too low, it turns off the pump and water drains back to the solar storage tank.
Drain-back system
Maximum people per hour for a 32" escalator
5200
Maximum people per hour for a 48" escalator
9000
There must be a minimum of ______ft between a leaching field and a well.
100 ft
Escalator tread width for 32" escalator.
24
There must be a minimum of ______ft between a septic tank and a well.
50 ft
Escalator tread width for 48" escalator.
40"
There must be a minimum of _______ft between a leaching field and a building.
10 ft
Types of perimeter protection include...
-Magnetic contacts
-Glass break detectors
-Windows screens
-Photoelectric cells
Chilled water is usually supplied between _______
40-48 degrees
Types of area or room protection include...
-Photoelectric beams
-Infrared detectors
-Audio detectors
-Pressure sensors
-Ultrasonic detectors
-Microwave detectors
Requirements for wet wall sizing...
- 24" space for wall hung fixtures on both side
- 12" space for wall hung fixtures on one side of wall
- 16" space for floor mounted fixtures
1 cubic foot = _____gallons
7.48 gallons
As a general rule, a pressure tank designed to offset peaks in water supply that exceed the pump capacity should be sized to deliver _____ times the pumps capacity in GPM
10 times
There are 4 types of toilets (waterclosets) name them and their flush volume
Conventional = 3.5 gal or more
Watersaver = 1.7 -3.5 gal
Low Consumption = 1.6 gal or less
Waterless = none
Clothes washing machines use ______ gal for a full-sized load.
40 - 55 gal
The flush control valve for an ADA tiolet is a max of...
44" AFF
Expansion of different types of pipe
PVC - 52
Copper - 17
Steel - 11-13
Cast Iron - 11
What percentage of construction costs on average are consumed by MEP
40% Total
9% - Plumbing
17% - HVAC
14% - Electrical
Met
Metabolic Unit
The energy produced per unit of surface area per hour by a seated person at rest.

1 Met = 18.4 BTU/hr-ft2
Average Btu/hr generated by the average human during the following activities is.

At rest...
Walking / Moderate Activities...
Strenuous Exercise...
At rest = 400 Btu/hr
Walking / Moderate Activities = 700-800
Strenuous Exercise = 2000
General Comfort ranges
69 - 80 degrees
30% - 65% RH
50-200fps wind speeds
Effective temperature...
attempts to combine the effects of air temperature, humidity, and air movement.
Operative temperature...
An average of the air temperature and Mean Radiant temperature of a space.
Measured with a globe thermometer.
Formula to calculate heat loss
q=UA(delta)T

q= heat loss Btu/hr
U= Coefficient of heat transmission
A= Area of assembly
(delta)T=Determined by subtracting the outside design temperature from the inside desired temp. in winter (usually 70)
Formula to calculate heat gain through building envelope
q=UA(DETD)
Based on an average indoor temperature of 75 degrees


q= heat gain Btu/hr
U= Coefficient of heat transmission
A= Area of assembly
(DETD) = Design Equivalent Temperature Difference
Formula to calculate heat gain through glazing
q=A(DCLF)


q= heat gain Btu/hr
A= Area of assembly
(DCLF) = Design Cooling Load Factor
Sensible heat gain by occupants can be assumed at
225 Btu/hr per person
Approximate efficiencies of fuels...
Natural gas = 70-80%
Propane = 70-90%
No.2 Oil = 65-85%
Anthracite Coal = 65-75%
Electricity = 95-100%
For large bldgs. where temp. regulation is required, Humidity control is needed, and energy conservation is a concern, this system is often used.
Air is heated or cooled in a central plant at a constant temperature through a single duct and at each zone a thermostat controls a damper that regulates air flow
VAV system
Limited in it's ability to compensate for extremes in simultaneous heating and cooling, but offers an efficient means to air-condition large internal load dominated buildings.
This system is used where flexibility is required. Provides 2 parallel ducts, one for hot air and one for cool air. A mixing box is controlled by a thermostat to create proper mixture...
Dual Duct (High Velocity)
Good for building where the north side may need heating and the south side may need cooling simultaneously due to glazing.
Due to it's high velocity (3000 fpm) The ducts can be smaller.

Disadvantages - Inherintly inefficient since both hot and cool air must be supplied both winter or summer. Previously cooled air may need to be heated and visa versa. Needs bigger fans for higher velocity. High velocity can cause noise problems.
which system is best for buildings such as office buildings or retail stores that require flexibility to account for changes.
VAV or induction systems are flexible for this purpose.
Buildings with multiple uses or that are subjected to simultaneous heating or cooling loads may require a...
Dual Duct or multi-zone system
Best systems for hospitals and laboratories that require 100% fresh air supply...
Induction or fan coils with supplementary air.
DX or heat pumps may be used to cool buildings with up to ____ tons of cooling load.
25
what is the rule of thumb for sizing of duct space..
3 ft2 - 6 ft2 for every 1000 ft2 of of floor space served by low pressure system.
For high pressure system, ducts may be smaller.
The National Appliance Energy Conservation act of 1987 established minimum efficiency standards for both small and large heating and cooling equipment.
Name 5 standards used to rate this equipment.
-Annual fuel utilization efficiency
-Coefficient of performance
-Energy efficiency ratio
-Integrated part load value
-Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
The ratio of annual fuel output energy to annual input energy
(AFUE)
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiancy
A rating of the efficiency of heating or cooling equipment. This rating is obtained by dividing the steady-state rate of energy output by the steady state rate of input.
(COP)
Coefficient of Performance
The ratio of net cooling capacity in Bth/hr to the total rate of electrical input in watts under designated operating conditions
(EER)
Energy Efficiency Ratio
A measure of the performance of a heat pump operating in the heating cycle.
(HSPF)
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor
(See also SEER)
The ratio of solar heat gain through a window, corrected for external shading, to the incident solar radiation. This heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat, and absorbed solar radiation, which are conducted or convected into the space.
(RSHG)
Relative Solar Heat Gain
The ratio of solar heat gain through a fenestration to the total solar radiation incident on the glazing. Includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation, which is the reradiated, conducted or convected into the space.
Accounts for the frame and the glass spacer.
(SHGC)
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

A value between 0.0 and 0.87
What is the absolute minimum Outdoor air ventilation as recommended by ASHRAE?
15 cfm/person

20 cfm is recommended for offices
60 cfm for smoking lounges
A horizontal ground source closed loop heat pump requires trenches ____ to_____ ft deep and typically ____to_____ft of piping are required for each ton of heating and coolin.
3-6' deep trenches
400 - 650' of piping are installed per ton
In a vertical closed-loop heat pump, vertical holes are bored from _____ to _____ft deep.
150 - 450' deep.
This type of heat pump uses aqua ammonia as the absorbent and is operational down to -10f Designed for light commercial, 5-25 tn capacity
GAX heat pump - Generator Absorber heat exchange
The exhaust capacity of a principal residential building exhaust fan should be at least ___ of the total HVAC system airflow capacity.
50%
A generally accepted air exchange rate for air cleaning equipment is:
6-10 ACH
ASHRAE Standard 90.2 calls for thermostats capable of a temperature range of:
55-85 degrees
Direct fired vs. indirect fired absorption chillers...
Direct = Uses fuel such as natural gas

Indirect = Another heat source (such as waste heat) is used.
The formula for calculating cross-sectional duct area is...
A/in2 = Volume of air in cfm / Velocity in fpm
The multiply by friction allowance.
Friction allowances for various duct shapes.
Round
Small Square
larger Square
Thin Rectangular
Round = 1.0 (least resistance)
Small Square = 1.10
Larger Square = 1.05
Thin rectangular = 1.25
CLTD (cooling load temperature differential)
Modifies the basic conduction formula of
qc = U(A) ΔT
Substitutes CLTD for ΔT
And accounts for Radiation and time lag.
The border of the summer comfort zone can be raised 1 degree for every _____fpm increase in air motion up to a limit of 82.45 degrees at 160 fpm
30 fpm
Heat receptors =
Cold receptors =
Heat receptors = Fingertips, Nose, Elbows
Cold receptors = Upper lip, nose, chin, chest, fingers
a 30% change in RH will produce about the same comfort sensation as a ____ degree change in temperature.
2 degrees
Latent heat gain in residential and many other occupancies is approx ____% of the sensible heat gain.
30%
From ____ to ____% of energy used by buildings is lost due to infiltration
25 - 40%
Measures the difference in pressure between 2 spaces...
nanometer
In general people perceive a 1 degree decrease in temperature for every ____fpm increase in air speed.
15 fpm
1 horsepower =
1 horsepower = 746 Watts
Nonmettalic duct intended for use in underground electrical comes in 2 types
Type I - thinner wall intended for min. encasement of 2"

Type II - Thicker, no need for encasement
Equipment intended to be used outside should use the following NEMA enclosures.
1 - General Purpose
2 - Dripproof
3 - Dust-tight, rain-tight, and sleet resistant
3R- rainproof and sleet resistant
3S- Dust tight, rain tight, sleet resistant
4 - water tight and dust tight
4X - water tight, dust tight, corrosion resistant
7-9 Harardous
12 - Industrial Use, Dust tight and Drip tight
There are 3 grades or wiring device quality. Name them
Hospital - green dot on device face

Federal spec. grade (aka comm. spec grade)

UL general purpose grade (aka residential grade)
A power utility will most likely find overhead transmission economically feasible for voltages greater than:
5,000V
Which of the transmission line methods is the most expensive?
Type I Burial
A load center pad-mounted unit substation would typically have a primary voltage range of:
2.5-15kV
The current rating of an electrical service item is determined by:
The maximum temperature at which its components can operate at full load
The voltage rating of an electrical item is determined by
the max voltage that can be applied to the unit continuously.
Energy distribution for large offices
50% - Lighting

30% - Heating and Cooling

20% - Miscellaneous equipment (Copy Machines, Computers etc.)
Service Entrance wire must be a minimum of...
#8 AWG
Service entrance conduit must be a minimum of...
1" galvanized conduit
Minimum reflectances should be
Ceilings - 80%
Walls - 50-70%
Floors - 20-40%
The wall facing the window should always be as light as possible to improve light distribution.
The product of visible transmittance multiplied by the window-to-wall ratio
Effective Apperature
A LEED-based number calculated by taking into account window area, floor area, a window geometry factor, light transmission, and a window height factor...
Glazing Factor
The ratio of transmitted light to the total incident light is know as the...
Coefficient of transmission
Expressed as a percentage.
Clear glass - 85%
Frosted glass - 70-85%
The remainder of the light is either reflected or absorbed.
The ratio of the total reflected light to the total incident light is known as...
Reflectance or Reflectance Coefficient
Expressed as a percentage
Flat Black absorbs most of the incident light
White material reflects most of incident light
In most situation, brightness ratios should be limited to ______ between the task and adjacent surroundings, to _______ between the task and more remote darker surfaces, and to _______ between the task and more remote lighter surfaces.
1:1/3 between the task and adjacent surroundings

1:1/5 between the task and more remote darker surface

1:10 between the task and more remote lighter surfaces
Efficacy of different types of lamps
Incandescent - Varies but lowest
Fluorescent - 80 lm/W

HID
Mercury Vapor - 30-50 lm/W
Metal Halide - 50-100 lm/W
HPS - 80-140 lm/W
LPS - 150 lm/W
Most Jurisdiction have code requirements for max power consumed by lighting. Will vary by building type but a figure of ______ W/sq. ft is often considered a maximum
2.3
Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER)
Ratio of fixture lumen output per watt of lamp input

This metric takes into account all power used by a luminaire and includes the ballast factor. The expresison used to calculate LER is...

LER = Photometric Efficiency x Ballast factor / Luminaire input in watts
Shadow angle which indicates The position of the leading edge of the shadow as defined from the leading edge of an overhang
Vertical Shadow Angle
Defines the leading edge of a shadow cast by a vertical element.
Horizontal shadow angle
Cone cells are responsible for
the ability to discriminate detail, sensation of color
Rod cells are...
Light sensitive
Lack color sensitivity thus making it hard to distinguish color in the dark.
The attribute by which we recognize and therefore describe colors as red, yellow, green, blue and so on is...
Hue
The apparent color of an object changes when the background color is changed, this is known as...
Lateral adaptation
A diffuse surface will exhibit uniform brightness if the spacing between light sources does not exceed approximately ___ times their distance from the material.
1.5
At a solar altitude of 30 degrees, one can expect a daylight illuminance of about 10,000 lux with no direct sun and ____ with direct sun.
40,000 lux
What is the name of the sensing surface of the eye?
Retina
The recommended horizontal to vertical illuminance ratio for general diffuse lighting is:
2.5/1
The recommended daylight factor for difficult prolonged tasks, such as drafting, is:
4-8%
The daylighting analysis method that produces a family of daylight factor contours within a room rather than individual daylight factors at specific points is:
Graphic Daylighting Design Method (GDDM)
Color is determined by wavelength. What is the order of frequency from lowest frequency (long wavelength) to highest frequency (short wavelength)
Red (lowest frequency)
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
In areas requiring uniform illumination. The maximum to minimum illuminance should not exceed _____
1:1.3
The ratio expressed as a percentage, of the indoor illuminance at a point on a horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance. Direct sunlight is excluded.
(DF)
Daylight Factor
The daylight factor can be calclated and compared with recommended daylight factors for various tasks.
Ranges from 1.5% for ordinary visual tasks to 4% for difficult visual tasks such as drafting.
The net glazing area (glass only, not including frame or mullions) in a room or space divided by the gross exterior wall area.
Window-to-wall ratio
Multiplied by the VLT give Effective Apperature
Color temps of various lights
Incandescent - 2500
Fluorescent - 4300
Compact fluorescent - 3000
Tungsten halogen - 3000
Mercury vapor - 5500
Metal Halide - 3000 - 4300
HPS - 2800
What is the formula for Reverberation Time?
T=0.05V/A
Where
T= Reverberation Time
V= Volume of room in cubic feet
A= Total absorptivity in sabines
at sea level, sound travels at _______ fps
1130 fps
Geared Traction Electric Elevator
Used for slow speeds 25-450 fpm
Uses AC or DC motor
Capacity 2000 - 5000 lbs
The critical frequency range for speech communication is _____Hz to ______Hz
300 - 4000Hz
A sound composed of only one frequency is known as a...
Pure Tone
Except for the sound generated by a tuning fork, very few sounds are truly pure.
The upper limit of hearing decreases with age as a result of a process called...
Presbycusis
More profound in men than women
The ability to pick out one voice among background sounds is know as the...
Cocktail Party effect
NC curves are based on the consideration that most people prefer to speak at a level no greater than ____db above the background noise level.
22db
What are the 3 families of devices used for sound absorption?
Fibrous materials
Panel resonators
Volume resonators (hemholtz)
A speech room should be arranged so that the first reflection path and the direct path is no greater than...
56 ft preferrably 46ft
Why is low reverberation time disturbing to a speaker?
Since absence of reflection prevents him from gauging the proper voice level, this tends to lead to excessive effort (shouting)
A relatively long reverb time is needed to enhance music. It is generally agreed that reverb time should...
Be longer at lower frequencies and shorter with higher frequencies.
Sound diffusion occurs...
primarily when sound is reflected from convex surfaces.
Sound focusing occurs...
primarily when sound is reflected from concave surfaces.
The reflection of sound along a curved surface from a source near the surface. Although sound can be heard at points along the surface, it cannot be heard at points away from the surface.
Creep
In architectural acoustics, frequency is sometimes referred to as:
Pitch
Sound intensity level changes by ___ dB with every doubling or halving of distance from a point source
6 dB
The threshold of sound comfort is generally ____dB
130 dB
This device is carried by a person whos noise exposure is being tested.
Noise dosimeter
The noise reduction coefficient (NRC) is:
An arithmetic avarage of Absorption coefficients at 4 frequencies
250, 500, 1000, 2000
_______ is a design procedure for analyzing the reflected sound distribution throughout a hall using the first reflection only.
Ray Diagramming
Generally, sound amplification systems will be required in spaces larger than ____ ft².
50,000
In designing space for music, It is generally agreed that reverberation time should be __________ at lower frequencies and __________ at higher frequencies.
Longer at Lower
Shorter at higher
Percieved as a buzzing or clicking sound, comprises repeated echoes traversing back and forth between 2 non-parallel (flat or concave) surfaces...
Flutter
Loud speech can be heard but is not easily intelligible. Normal speech can be heard only faintly, if at all.
35 STC
Suitable for offices next to quiet spaces
what are the 4 stages of a fire in order?
Incipient stage
Smoldering stage
Flame stage
Heat stage
What is the desirable interval for elevators in a highrise office building?
30 Seconds
Interval = Average time between successive departures from main floor or lobby of a building
When all materials reach combustion temperature at once, this is called...
Flashover
A device in a building control system that receives commands from a controller and activates a piece of equipment.
Actuator
A high-rise is defined as...
a building with a floor area 75 ft above the lowest level of fire department access.
IBC requires sprinklers in buildings over 75'
Sprinkler heads typically activate at a temperature between ________
135 and 170
Flow detectors are placed on each zone. When a sprinkler head is activated, the detector senses flow and sends a signal to an annunciator panel or fire control center so the firefighters know where the fire is.
What are the 3 groups of fire hazards?
Light, Ordinary, and extra hazard
Each category is further divided into sub categories which determines the required spacing of sprinklers and other regulations.
What class am I?
A dry standpipe without a directly connected water supply, and equipped with 2-1/2" outlets for use by fire dept. personnel
Class I
What class am I?
A wet standpipe directly connected to a water supply, and equipped with 1-1/2" outlets and hoses intended for use by building occupants
Class II
What class am I?
A combination system directly connected to a water supply and equipped with both 1-1/2" and 2-1/2" outlets
Class III
Must be installed in the floor level of the highest story is more than 30'above the lowest level of fire dept. vehicle access, or where the lowest story is more than 30' below the the highest level of fire dept. access.
4 exceptions allow class I standpipes to be used
1. If the bldg is equipped with a sprinkler system
2. Open parking garages less than 150' high
3. Open parking garages subject to freezing
4. basements that are sprinklered
Name the 4 types of fires and corresponding extinguishers.
Class A - Paper, wood, cloth (water)

Class B - Gasoline, Solvents, paints (Smother, Carbon Dioxide, Foam, halogenated agents)

Class C - Electrical Equipment (Nonconductive agents, Dry Powder)

Class D - Combustible Metals (MEEB IT)
A rooms reverberation time is affected by...
Total room absorption and room volume.
Not affected by sound decibel level, frequency, or intensity.
What is a WAN?
Wide Area Network.
A system that computers at widely space locations to a private network
What are the 3 things security system are generally comprised of?
Access controls - Card Readers

Notification devices - Central station alarm

Intrusion Detectors - Photoelectric Cells, Ultrasonic detectors
Optimum location and size for an elevator mechanical room
Ideally elevator mechanical rooms should be place above the hoistway.
They should be at least as wide as the elevator shaft and generally need to be more than 12 feet deeper than the hoistway.
If a wet standpipe is installed, every point on every floor must be within how many feet of a connection?
130'
The hose is 100' long and every point on the floor must be reached by a 30-foot spray from that hose.
Used to give instructions to building occupants. These are used by firefighters or others authorized to assist with evacuation efforts.
Annunciators
In an elevator emergency, the following will be activated in order.
1. Centrifugal governor
2. Safety rail clamps
3. Final-limit switch
Uses a carbon dioxide sensor to increase or decrease ventilation according to occupancy.
Demand-controlled ventilation
Generally, sound amplification systems will be required in spaces larger than ____ ft².
50,000
escalators are fabricated in standard widths of...
32 and 48"
What is the logarithmic measure of the intensity of a sound relative to a reference intensity in watts/m 2 or watts/cm 2 ?
Intensity Level
During a fire, fresh air should be supplied at no more than a velocity of ____fpm to avoid stirring up the smoke.
200 fpm
Either a Class I or Class III stanpipe system that also supplies water to a sprinkler system
Combined system
A mass with a conductor running straight to ground. A cone of protection is formed that protects the object within it from lightning strike.
Franklin cone
Named after Ben Franklin
Features of a lightning protection system.
Each system contains....
Air teminals - pointed copper or aluminum rods projecting above a structure.

Ground terminal - embedded in highly conductive soil

Down conductors - connectair and ground terminals
Open interconnected mesh covering a large nonconducting mass to draw lightning strokes and conduct it to earth.
Faraday cage
connected to one end of an overhead electrical line and at the other end to the ground. Suppresses lightning voltage surges that appear in th electrical line.
Lightning arrester
In order of importance, it is most important to fire-protect:
Columns, Girders, Beams, and the floor slab
What safety device on an electric elevator provides life safety protection in the event of a power failure?
An automatic brake.
prevents the lobby door from opening when the elevator car is elsewhere
The interlocks
The process by which sound waves bend and pass through very small openings...
Diffraction
The reduction of sound...
Attenuation
The amount of sound energy per second across a unit area
Intensity
A set of single number ratings of acceptable background noise corresponding to a set of curves specifying sound pressure levels across octave bands
Noise Criteria
Used to specify continuous background noise, achieve sound isolation, and evaluate existing noise situations.
Used to express the maximum allowable intensity of background sounds.
Noise Criteria Curve
Used to specify the allowable sound pressure levels at octave band center frequencies.
Live vs Dead space
Dead space (short reverb time) = Spoken word

Live space (long reverb time) = Musical presentations
Changes in apparent loudness of _____db are almost imperceptible.
Changes of _______db are just barely perceptible.
Changes of _______db are clearly perceptible.
Changes of _______db are percieved as either twice or half as loud.
1 db = almost imperceptible
3 db = barely perceptible
5 db = clearly perceptible
10 db = twice or half as loud
Name 2 communication standards for BMS developed in the late 1990's
BACnet developed by ASHRAE
LonMark = Developed by LonMark Interoperability Assoc.
Fire fighting equipment cannot usually reach higher than...
90'
when there is a difference in decibels of 2 sources what is added to the higher number?
0 - 3
1 - 2.5
2 - 2.1
3 - 1.8
4 - 1.5
5 - 1.2
6 - 1.0
7 - 0.8
8 - 0.6
9 - 0.5
10- 0.4
the maximum practic length of a moving walk
1000'
What is the general rule of thumb for estimating appropriate elevator speeds in feet per minute?
S = 1.6r +350'

Example: 50' building

S = 1.6(50)+350'
S = 430'
Hydraulic Elevators
Lifted by a plunger or ram set in the ground. The hole-less hydraulic uses a telescoping plunger.
Only used for passenger and freight in buildings from 2-6 stories (50')

Speed: 25 - 150 fpm
Capacity: Single Ram 2,000 to 20,000 lbs, Multiple rams from 20,000 to 100,000
Name the Elevator Operation Control
Consists of a single call button on each floor and a single button for each floor inside the car.The elevator can only be called if nobody is using it and once inside the passenger has exclusive use until the trip is complete.
Best for small building with light traffic where exclusive use is desired.
Single Automatic
Name the Elevator Operation Control
The elevator remembers and answers all calls in one direction, then reverses and answers them in the opposite direction. Can be programmed to return to a home landing.
Selective Collective
Name the Elevator Operation Control
For large buildings with many elevators. Uses programmable microprocessors to respond to calls in the most efficient manner
Group Automatic