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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gearless Traction Electric Elevator |
Faster speeds, Up to 1800 fpmCapacity 2000 - 5000 lbs
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Name this Concrete FinishSandpaper-like texture appropriate for exterior surfaces or where smooth surfaces are not required. This is the texture of concrete after floating, if no further work is done.
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Float Finish
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Name this Concrete FinishUsing a steel trowel several hours after floating, further consolidating the concrete.
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Light Steel Troweled Finish
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Name this Concrete FinishGreatly densifies the top 1/8" of concrete, making a very smooth surface.
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Hard Steel Troweled Finish
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Name this Concrete FinishDislodges fine aggregate and produces a rough-textured surface useful for slip-resistance on outdoor floors
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Broom Finish
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Name this Concrete FinishA smooth and level concrete slab. Commonly used in industrial warehouses where automated or special forklift vehicles drive.
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Superflat Floor Finish
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Name that TerrazzoMade with small chips 3/8" in size
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Standard
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Name that TerrazzoLarger than 3/8" chips, a thicker topping is required to carry the larger sized chips
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Venetian
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Name that Terrazzo1/2" or larger, random, fractured chips, set in an underbed and then filled with standard Terrazzo
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Palladiana
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Name that TerrazzoA textured surface created by washing the fill prior to setting
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Rustic
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What is sometimes added to plaster to increase Fire Resistance?
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Vermiculite
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Characteristics of type "M" Mortar
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Compressive Strength = 2500psiRecommended for reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth, foundation walls subject to frost action or high lateral or compressive loads
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Characteristics of type "S" Mortar
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Compressive Strength = 1800psiReccomended for masonry where bond and lateral strength are more important than compressive strength
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Characteristics of type "N" Mortar
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Compressive Strength = 750psiMedium strength mortar recommended for general use in exposed masonry above grade where high compressive and lateral strength are not required
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Characteristics of type "O" Mortar
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Compressive Strength = 350psiLow strength, suitable for use in interior nonloadbearing walls and partitions.
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Characteristics of type "K" Mortar
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Very low strength mortar, suitable only for use in interior nonloadbearing walls where permitted by the building code.
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Igneous Rock
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Formed from the solidification of molten rock.Types:Granite
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Sedimentary Rock
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Consolidated products of rock disintegration, sea shells, and various clays and silts.Types:Sandstone, Limestone
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Metamorphic Rock
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Formed of either Igneous or Sedimentary rocks that have been altered by pressure or intrusion of molten rock or other liquids over a long period of time.Types:Marble, Slate
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In Masonry cavity walls, metal ties or anchors are typically required by code every...
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3 sq. feet
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What is added to Aluminum to improve Strength and hardness?
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Manganese, Zinc and Copper
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What is the preferred min. of Asphalt roll roofing
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1:12
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Which soil test is a measure of the density of granular soil and the consistency of some clay...
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Standard Penetration testA 2" Diameter sampler is driven into the bottom of the borehole, the number of blows it takes to drive 12" is recorded
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Soil test that measures the relationship between the density and the optimum moisture content...
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Proctor test
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What is Joseph Aspdin Famous for...
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Developing Portland Cement.The first Hydraulic (able to set uderwater) Binding material
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What was Robert Maillart Famous for...
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The Swiss engineer used concrete extensively in his bridges and industrial buildings.Best Known for Cement Hall, which was a thinshell parabolic vault
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What was Auguste Perret famous for...
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Using concrete for structural frames in simple rectangular form, the area between the concrete frames was generally filled in with other materials
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What is Pierre Luigi Nervi famous for...
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Using reinforced concrete in his daring and innovative structures.Stadiums at Florence, bridges and airplane hangars used exposed concrete.Most famous for Exhibition Hall and the Sports Palace in Rome
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What is Les Corbusier Famous for
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Used Concrete in his later buildingsApartment block at MarseillesRonchampThe Palace of justice, Chandigarh
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Concrete joints are often emphasized with these continuous pieces of neoprene, wood or other material that when removed show a deep reveal in concrete.
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Rustication Strips
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Slip forms are good for...
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Tunnels and High rise building cores
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Flying Forms are good for...
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buildings with highly repetetive units such as hotels and apartments
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Formwork should be reused as much as possible. How can you accomplish this?
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Uniform Bay Sizes, beam depths, column widths, opening sizes.Slab thicknesess should be kept consistent.It is often better to use more concrete that to do more formwork.
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Concrete tolerances...
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Columns, Piers, and walls = 1/4" for every 10'Total height of structure = 1" for interior columns and 1/2" for corner columns up to 100'Total length of building = 1"
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Vapor Barrier vs. Vapor Retarder
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Vapor Barrier desinged to prevent water vapor from passing through.Vapor Retarded only slows the rate of vapor transmission
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Perm
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The passage of one grain of water vapor per hour through one square foot of material at a pressure differential of one inch of mercury between sides.
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Common grades of rebar
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grade 40 and 60 (ksi yeild strength)Grade 60 is most comon in constructionLess common : 50 and 75
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What is rebar coated with in corrosive environments?
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Epoxy or are Galvanized
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What kind of paint is solvent free and presents no flammability hazard?
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Acrylic Latex
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Characteristics of welded wire fabric...
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Usually square pattern with spacing 4" or 6"Expressed asEx. = 6 x 6-W1.4 x 1.4The 6x6 means it is 6" square,The W designates smooth and D designates Deformed1.4 x 1.4 means the size of the wire is 1.4 hundredths of a square in
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Type I Cement
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Standard or Normal cement.Used for most general construction where other types are not needed.
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Type II Cement
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Modified Cement. Used where a moderate amount of sulfate resistance is needed and where the heat of hydration needs to be controlled, such as Dams or other
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Type III Cement
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High Early Strength CementUsed where a quick set is needed. Also has a high heat of hydration so it is good for cold weather.
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Type IV Cement
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Low-Heat CementUsed in massive structures to minimize cracking.Slow setting
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Type V Cement
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Sulfate-resisting CementUsed for structures exposed to water or soil with a high alkaline content
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Rules for sizing Aggregate
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-No more than 3/4 the distance between rebar- No more than 1/5 the size of the smallest form dimension- No more than 1/3 the depth of slab
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Explain this ratio as it applies to concrete.1:2:4
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1:2:41 Part Cement2 Parts Sand4 Parts GravelAnother method is to specify the weight of material including water per 94lb bag of cement.For large batches, the weight of material per cubic yard is another method.
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Air Entraining Agents
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Form tiny dispersed bubbles.Increases Workability and Durability and improves it resistance to Freeze Thaw cycles.Reduces segregation
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Fly Ash
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Waste material from coal fired power plants.Used in concrete to increase strength, decrease permeability, reduce temperature rise, increase sulfate resistanceImprove workability and decrease amount of cement needed
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How much strength does concrete get by the 7 day mark?
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Approx. 70%
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Range of desired concrete slump
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2" - 6"
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In Tuck Pointing How deep is the grout removed beforehand?
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2.5x the depth of the joint
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What is the formula for calculating Board Feet
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Using Nominal sizes ie; 2x4 not actual unless askedLength"xWidth"xThickness"/144 = Board Feet
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How to remember the Nominal sizes of Lumber
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In any direction1" = 3/4"2" = 1-1/2"4" = 3-1/2"6" =5-1/2"8" = 7-1/4"Everything above 8" is the same as 8" (ex. 12" is 11-1/4")With the exception of Heavy Timber which is 1/2" (ex. 6" = 5-1/2")
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Fiber Saturation Point
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When the cell walls are completely saturated but no water exists in the cell cavities.Averages 30% moisture content
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For wood to be considered dry it must have a max moisture content of
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19% Dry 15% Kiln-DryStructural tables assume the max. moisture content will not exceed 19%
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Building paper is used to...
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Minimize air infiltration and improve water resistance.
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Lumber for Architectural Woodwork is classed differently than lumber used for rough or finished Carpentry. What are the different grades?
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In order of best to worst...1. Premium2. Custom3. Economy
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What are the 3 ways Veneer panels can be assembled in a room in order of most to least expensive?
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1. Blueprint matching - Panels are manufactured to precisely fit the room2. Sequence Matching - Uses panels of uniform width made for a specific job, veneers arranged in sequence and trimmed around openings.3. Warehouse Matching - Premanufactured panels field cut to fit around openings
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High Pressure Decorative Laminates (HPDL)
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A thin Sheet of material made by impregnating several layers of Kraft paper with phenolic resinsand overlaying with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine.-Colorthrough laminates-Fire rated laminates-Chemical resistive laminates-Static-disipative lamintes-metal-faced laminates-Natural wood laminates
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For most of the united states, the Optimum moisture content for interior applications is...
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5% - 10%Humid southeast = 8% - 13%Dry Southwest = 4% - 9%
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In terms of Flame Spread rating, wood is generally a class...
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CDifferent wood has different flame spread ratings, however very few have higher that 75Treating wood will increase, but darkens wood and makes it harder to finish.
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Opaque Finishes
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Include Lacquer, Varnish, Polyurethane and PolyesterThey should only be used on closed grain woods where solid stock is used, or MDF where sheet material is used
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Transparent Finishes
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Include Lacquer, Varnish, Vinyl, Penetrating oils, Polyurethane, and Polyester
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Lacquer Finish Characteristics
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Easy to applyRepaired easilyrelatively low in costNot as Chemical and wear resistant as other finishesCatalyzed lacquers are harder to repair but more durable
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Vinyl Finish Characteristics
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More chemical resistant than lacquer or vinylAlso very resistant to scratching, abrasion and other chemical damage
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Penetrating oil finish characteristics
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Easily applied and give a rich look to the woodrequires re-oiling and tend to darken with ageAn oil finished look can be achieved with catalyzed vinyl
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What are the most durable, and most expensive wood finishes?
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Polyurethane and PolyesterPolyurethane available in dull to full glossPolyester only available in full gloss
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Damproofing
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Control of Moisture not under hydrostatic pressure. Water repellant coatings on concrete, masonry, and wood walls above grade but used mostly on slabs and and foundation walls below grade subject to continuous moisture exposure.-Admixtures-Bituminous Coatings-Cementitious Coatings-Membranes (usually used for waterproofing)-Plastics (usually used above grade)
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Heat transfer
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Heat passes from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature byConduction - Heat transfered through materialConvection - Heat transferred through FluidRadiation - Heat transferred through electromagnetic waves.
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The thermal resistance value of a closed cell foam insulation measured after 5 years
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Long Term Thermal Resistance (LTTR)
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Because of its superior resistance to water absorption what is the only insulation recommended for proptected membrane roofing or below grade insulation.
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Extruded Expanded Polysyrene (XEPS)
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Radiant barriers are placed...
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To block heat - Between the insulation and the roof deckTo retain Heat - Radiant barrier below or face the heated side of insulation
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Roof Panels span _______Wall Panels span _______
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PurlinsGirts
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Iron chains were used where to prevent domes from spreading?
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Dome of Florence Cathedral - BrunelleschiDome of St. Peters Cathedral - Michaelangelo
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Cast Iron Pipes were used to supply water to...
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The Gardens at Versailles
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Who introduced the use of Coke for Smelting?
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Abraham Darby - 1709
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Where was the first major use of Cast Iron as Structural elements?
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In a bridge over the river severn at Coalbrookdale, England by Abraham Darby III - 1779
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Who first used cast iron for both Columns and I-Beams for the entire framework of a building?
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Mathew Boulton and James Watt in a cotton mill at Salford Manchester.
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Notable Buildings to use Cast Iron...
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Royal Pavilion at Brighton - John NashGreenhouse of the Botanical Gardens in Paris - Rouhault Library of Saint Genevieve - Henri LabrousteCrystal Palace in London - Joseph PaxtonEiffel Tower - Gustave EiffelHalle Des Machines
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A major technical Improvement in Iron Construction for making steel Inexpensively...
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The Bessemer Process - 1856Developed by Henry Bessemer
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Which Building was significant for being the first to use cast Iron Columns instead of Masonry for the outside walls?
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A 5 Story factory in New York by James Bogardus - 1848
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What is considered to be the first skyscraper?
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the 10 story Home Insurance building in Chicago. - William Le Baron Jenney 1885The building used cast Iron columns for both interior and exterior and employed Bessemer steel girders. Was also fireproofed
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The use of the Iron Skeleton came to be called...
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Chicago Construction
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In the US, the period between 1850 to 1880 was called the...
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Cast Iron Age
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Who was one of the first Architects to use steel and its structural Purpose part of the form of the building?
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Mies van der RhoeMost NotablyIllinois Institute of Technology in Chicago860 Lake shore Drive Apartments in Chicago
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Primary Ferrous Metals used in construction Include...
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Iron, Steel, Stainless Steel, and other Steel Alloys
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Stainless Steel
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Containing a minimum 11% chromium. Nickel is often added for corrosion resistance and to improve cold workability.
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Stainless Steel Finishes
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#3 - Intermediate, Dull Finish, Coarser than #4#4 - General Purpose polished finish, dull and prevents mirror reflections. Most Common#6 - Dull Satin Finish#7 - Highly reflective polished finish#8 - Most reflective finish, used for mirrors and reflectors, seldom used for Arch. Applications
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Primary Non-Ferrous Metals used in construction Include...
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Aluminum, Copper, Copper Alloys (Bronze, Brass)Secondary or added to others - Zinc, Lead, Gold
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Bronze
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Alloy of Copper and Tin
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Brass
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Alloy of Copper and Zinc
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Terneplate
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Alloy of 75% lead and 25% tin
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Open web steel joists and Spanning distances.
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K - Standard - 8'-60'LH - Long Span - 25'-96KLH - Deep Long Span - 89'-144'
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Spiral Stairs are fabricated in standards diameters of...
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3'-6" up to 7'-0" in 6" IncrementsTreads at 22.5, 27, and 30 degrees30 degrees most common
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What wood is used mostly for framing and rough carpentry by region?
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Southern Pine - In SoutheastDouglas Fir - Western statesOther common - Hem-fir, eastern white pine, and hemlock
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What are the 2 primary classifications of Soft Lumber?
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Yard Lumber - Used for structural purposes and rough framing?Factory and Shop Lumber - Used for Door frames, windows, and finish items
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What categories is Factory and Shop lumber divided into?
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SelectB and better (Best, free of knots)C SelectD Select_______________________Commonno.1(best) through no.5Grades determined by size and character of knots
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In structural wood framing how are Beams and Stringers defined?
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members 5" wide or wider, having a depth more than 2" greater than the width
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In structural wood framing how are Posts and Timbers defined?
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members 5"x5" and larger with a depth not more than 2" greater than the width
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Engineered wood products have the following advantages...
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- Better use of natural resources- An improved product without typical wood defects- Increased strength for a given size, compared with standard wood products- Consistent size and strength
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Characteristics of wood trusses.
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Common spacing, 24" O.C.Floor trusses can span up to about 40'Roof trusses can span up to 70'
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SIP's Panels are usually composed of
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7/16" OSB facing with a molded EPS core.Other facings may include.PlywoodAluminumCement BoardGypsum wallboard
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Advantages of SIPS
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- Decreased Construction time- Improved insulation value, No thermal bridging- Reduced air infiltration- stronger than coventional stud and sheathing- Very flat fo subsequent finishes- Dimensional Stability
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IBC requires Heavy Timber construction to follow these rules...
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Consists of exterior, noncombustible masonry or concrete. With interior columns, beams, girders and planking manufactured of large solid or glu-lam timbers.-Columns at least 8"x8" nominal-Beams and girders supporting floors at least 6"wide x 10"deep nominal-Floor Decking at least 3" nominal thk. with no concealed space below-Roof decking at least 2" nominal thk.
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Sometimes settling can be almost eliminated by using...
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CLSM (Controlled Low Strength Material)Made from Portland cement and/or Fly ash, sand and water.Sometimes called Flowable Fill
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pyramid
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a solid figure whose base is a polygon, and other faces are triangles that meet at a vertex
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Insert AFPA Grade stamp here
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A grade stamp shows: (1) the registered symbol of the certified agency; (2) the mill identification number; (3) the species or species group; (4) the seasoned condition; and, (5) the grade name or number. In the illustration, this grade stamp states that the lumber is certified by the Alberta Forest Products Association, from Mill 00 (which can be found in the AFPA membership directory – this one is fictitious); is from a coniferous tree (a.k.a softwood – Spruce-Pine-Fir); was graded according to National Lumber Grades Authority rules; is kiln-dried and heat treated (19 per cent or less moisture content) and; is of #1 grade.
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Nominal vs. Actual
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Nominal always written without inch marks.Actual always written with inch marks
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Glued laminated members can be made 20% stronger and 15% stiffer by...
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Substituting a stronger material such as composite laminated veneer lumber in the top and bottom of beam where the stresses are higher.Called Hybrid Glulam beams
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Lumber like products with a plastic content of 50% or more are called
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Recycled Plastic Lumber (RPL)
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Actual dimensions for structural plywood are ____ less to allow a gap for thermal expansion and contraction.
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1/8"
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Explain the different Plywood Exposure ratings
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Exterior - Suitable for use as siding or other applications permanantly exposed to weather.Exposure 1 - Most Common. Fully waterproof glue, lower quality veneers than Exterior suitable for sheathing or subfloor which will be protected from weather, capable of enduring long periods of wetting during construction.Exposure 2 - Suitable for panels fully protected from weather. Subject to only a minimum wetting during construction.
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Nails, fasteners, hangars and hold downs used with treated lumber must be...
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Galvanized or Stainless Steel,Aluminum flashing and fasteners should not be used
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Nails exposed to weather should be
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Galvanized, Stainless steel or Aluminum
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The 3 sizes of nails most often used in Light Frame construction are...
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8d = 2-1/2"10d = 3"16d = 3-1/2"
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Modular and Manufactured home are constructed in units not wider than...
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14' - 16'To allow for transportation
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a safe pedestrian walk should not have a cross slope greater than ____
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1/4" per foot (2%)
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At what temperature do workers need to take steps to protect concrete, when cold weather is predicted?
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40 Degrees Fahrenheit
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The vertical joint between masonry wythes
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Collar Joint
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How far should flashing extend beyond the face of brick?
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Flashing should extend at least 3/4" and turn down at a 45 degree angle
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All of the following requirements must be met for a window to qualify as an emergency escape and rescue window...
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- Min. width of opening: 20"- Min. height of opening: 24"- Min. net clear opening: 5sf ground floor, 5.7sf upper floors- Max. sill height: 44"Awning windows are not allowed
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DescribeMoisture BarrierWater-Resistive BarrierWeather-Resistive BarrierAir Barrier
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These are all names given to the protective layer intended applied to the exterior of sheathing to repel water and restrict the leakage of air.Usually the same 15lb felt used for roofing or an asphalt saturated paper with similar properties called Grade D Sheathing paper.While it must resist liquid water, it must be able to pass vapor so it is not trapped in the wall.
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Avoiding Ice Dams
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Keeping entire roof cold enough so snow wont melt by continuously passing outside air under the roof through vents at the eaves and ridge for roofs without an attic, and air is passed between the insulation and the roof. If there is an attic cold air is is brought in through attic vents and the insulation is installed over the ceiling below.An
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Ice Barriers
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In cold climates without ventilated air space, and Ice barrier must be installed and extend 24" over the insulated air space.
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Must wait this long before painting...
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Concrete - 30 daysStucco - 7 daysPlaster - 30 daysCMU - 30 days
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The quality of woodwork is regulated by...
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The American Woodwork Institute (AWI)There are 3 grades:EconomyCustom (Most cabinets)Premium
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How long can Mortar sit before it must be discarded?
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90 Minutes - If too stiff, water can be added to retemper2.5 hours - Mortar must be discarded
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Appearance Uniformity of facing brick.
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FBX - Least variation in size per unit, least disortion in shape, minimum chippageFBS - General-Purpose face brick, Moderate variation in shape and size, moderate chippageFBA - Great nonuniformity in size and shape
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A good rue of thumb for designing corbelling
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The projections of each course should not exceed half the course height. This results in a 60 degree corbel.
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Rough building stone obtained from riverbeds and fields.
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Fieldstone
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Irregular quarried fragments that have at least one good face to expose.
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Rubble
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Stone that has been quarried and cut into rectangular form
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Dimensional Stone. Large slabs are often referred to as cut stone.
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The weakest of all building stone
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Limestone
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These permit the lifting and placing of blocks of building stone without interfering with the bed joints of mortar...
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Lewises
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Most common size for CMU masonry block
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8x8x16 Nominal7-5/8x7-5/8x15-5/8 ActualAllows for 3/8" Mortar Joint
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Composite Masonry wall
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An outer wythe of stone or facing brick with a backup wythe of CMU
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Weepholes should be installed no more than _____ horizontally in Brickand _____ In CMU. And Weepholes should be a Min. of _____ in Diamater.
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24" apart in Brick32" apart in CMUWeepholes 1/4" Dia. Minimum
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Where internal flashing crosses the wythe it should turn up ______" at the back face of the cavity and penetrate the inner wythe by at least ______"
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6"-9" turned up2" penetration into wall
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Types and Characteristics of Flashing
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Flashing may be made of...Sheet MetalModified Asphalt membranesPlasticsRubbersComposite SheetsSheet metal is best and most expensive. Copper and Stainless steel are the best, galvanized steel eventually rusts and disintegrates. Aluminum and lead are unsuitable in Masonry walls because they react chemically to mortar.
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Welds in structural connections that may be subjected to high stresses during seismic events are termed...
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Demand Critical welds
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Steel columns are generally fabricated in ______ story lengths
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2
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Building codes generally limit the use of exposed steel to buildings no more than _______ stories in height
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5
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Characteristics of heat treating steel.
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Quenching - Becomes very hard but brittleTempering - Heating to a moderate degree and then cooling slowly making it both hard and strongAnnealing - Bringing to a very high temperature and then cooling very slowly, will become softer, easier to work, less brittle
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J.L. Lambot
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Used reinforced concrete to build boats
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Precast concrete elements are typically _______psi, type______ Concete.
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5000 PSIType III High early strength
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In the Filigree precast concrete system
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Precast elements are used as formwork for sitecast concrete.
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Urethanes coatings are advantages because...
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They are resistant to wear and abrasion.Often used on gymnasium floors and other surfaces requiring a high degree of wear resistance.
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Galvanic action, Anode vs Cathode
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Anode - The metal donating electrons, accelerated rate of corrosionCathode - Reduced rate of corrosionThe galvanic series lists items in order from most anodic to most cathodic.If coating roof, coat either the most cathodic or both.
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in 1959, the english firm Pilkington Brothers ltd. started producing...
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Float glass, which is now the worldwide standard, replacing drawn glass and plate glass.
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Ordinary window Glass is...
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AnnealedCooled slowly under controlled conditions to avoid locked in thermal stress
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Heat treated glass
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reheating ordinary annealed glass to approx 1150 deg. and then cooling rapidly. This produces permanent compressive stresses in the edges and face tensile stress in the core.Stronger in bending than annealed glass. By adjusting the quenching, it can be made into either tempered or heat-strengthened glass.Good in high wind, impact, or intense heat or cold
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Tempered glass
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4 times as strong in bending as annealed glass. Breaks into tiny square edged shards.Safety GlassUsed in walls for squash and handball courts, hockey rinks, basketball backboards.
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Heat-Strengthened glass
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Lower cost than temperedFor many applications it may be used instead of tempered glass where safety glass is not required.Breakage behavior like annealed glass.
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Laminated glass
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A type of safety glass.Skylights and overhead glazingBulletproof glassLower sound transmissionBetter UV resistance
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Fire resistant glass
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tempered or laminated - up to 20 minsWired Glass - 45 minsOptical Quality Ceramic - 20 mins. - 3 hrs.
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The transparency of glass is called it's...
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Visible Light TransmittanceClear glass has 0.80 - 0.90
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Glass surfaces are numbered...
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Starting from the exterior and working inward.Outside glass is #1
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Glass that can change it's properties is called...
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Chromogenic Glass
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Used for windows succeptable to vandalism
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Polycarbonate Glass
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According to the IRC, habitable rooms must have a net exterior glazed area equal to ______% of their floor area.
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8%
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Low Range Sealant
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Also called caulkVery limited elongationCapable of +/- 5% of the joint widthFilling minor cracks or nonmoving joints. Preperation for painting. Not for sealing exterior walls.
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Medium Range Sealant
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Elongations capable of +/- 5-10%Butyl or AcrylicUsed for building exterior to seal joints that are mechanically fastened and nonworking.
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High Range Sealant
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Elongations capable of +/- 50-100%Polysulfides, Polyurethane, Silicones (longest lasting - highest performing)Can last up to 20 years
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Sealants are classified by Type, Grade, and Class and UseName them
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Types:S = Single component, requires no jobsite mixingM = Multi-Component, must be mixed on the jobsite. (Cure faster)Grades:P = Self leveling, Pourable (Horizontal joints)NS = Nonsag (vertical joints)Class: defines elongation capability class 25 can elongate 25%Use:T = TrafficNT = NontrafficI = ImmersibleM,G,A,O = Masonry, Glass, Aluminum, Other
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Installing EIFS
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1. Foam panel is daubed with mortar and attached to wall2. Thin base coat with embedded fiberglass mesh is installed3. A finish coat of any desired color is troweled on.
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outside vs inside glazing
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Outside = workers install glazing from outside on scaffolding, simple set of extrusion, less expensive for buildings 1-3 stories tall.Inside = More convenient but requires more ellaborate extrusions
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Double-Skin facade, Dual-Wall Facade, Double-Skin walls are...
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All names for 2 distinct glass cladding systems seperated by an air spaceis wide enough for service personell to pass between them
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Steiner Tunnel Test
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Used for testing the surface burning characteristics of finish materials.A sample of material 20" wide by 24' long forms the ceiling of a rectangular furnace. A flame is introduced at one end, the time it takes to burn to the other end is recorded along with the density of smoke. From this the Flame-Spread rating and the Smoke-developed rating are obtained.
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Minimum Critical radiant flux exposure
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Test to ensure that flooring material in critical parts of the egress cannot be easily ignited by the heat of fire and hot gases in adjacent spaces.Class I - Most resistantClass II - Moderate resistance
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Fire resistance rating forShaft Enclosures
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2 hours where connecting 4 or more stories.1 hour where connecting fewer stories
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Fire resistance rating forExit stairways and exit passageway enclosures
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2 hours where connecting 4 or more stories.1 hour where connecting fewer stories
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Fire resistance rating forCorridor and elevator lobby seperations
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1 hour in unsprinkled buildings0-1 hour in sprinkled buildings depending on the number of occupants served and the occupancy group
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Fire resistance rating forSeparations between dwelling or sleeping units in multiunit buildings
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1 hour in unsprinkled buildings0-1 hours in sprinkled buildings, depending on the number of occupants served and the occupancy group
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Fire resistance rating forMall Tenant space separations
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1 hour
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Fire resistance rating forFire area separations
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1-4 hours depending on the occupancy group
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Gypsum Board finish levels
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Level 0 - boards only, used in temporary constructionLevel 1 - Joints sealed with tape and joint compound, used above ceilings, out of viewLevel 2 - All joint taped and joint compound goes over all joints and fasteners. For garages and boards used as backer for tileLevel 3 - Adds a second coat of compound over everything after 1st coat has dried. For surfaces to be textured or heavy wallcoveringLevel 4 - 3rd coat over everything, for surfaces to be covered with flat paint light texture or thin wallcoveringLevel 5 - adds a thin skim coat over everything |
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Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
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A number between 0 and 1an NRC of 0.85 indicates that the material absorbs 85% of sound that reaches it and reflects only 15% back into the room.
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Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC)
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The ability of a ceiling system to reduce sound transmission from one room to another through a shared plenum.Measured in decibels with higher values indicating a higher reduction.For closed offices a minimum CAC of 35 - 40 is recommended.
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Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF)
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measurement of a floors skid resistance.A SCOF of 0.50 or more is desirable to minimize accidents caused by slipping
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The ground surrounding a buildings foundation must be graded to slope a minimum of...
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1/4" per foot (2%)
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What is the Skewback length for a jack arch?
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1/2" per foot of span for each 4" of depth
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What was the significance of Burnham and roots Reliance Building?
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One of the first buildings to use an all steel frame. It features curtain walls and large "Chicago-Style" windows, and it's facade expresses the pattern of the buildings structural frame.
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Credit for the first curtain wall structure goes to...
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Home Insurance BuildingWilliam LeBaron Jenney
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Louis Sullivans Carson Pirie Scott Department store (also known as the Schlesenger & Meyer store featured...
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Highly detailed cast-iron ornament with Organic motifs on the street level and Chicago style fenestration above.
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Galvanic Series Mnemonic
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Aluminum = A (although zinc appears first on some tables)Zinc = ZebraIron/Steel = ISStainless Steel = So SoTin = TameLead = LestBrass = Bees (note relationship with "s")Copper = ComeBronze = Buzzing (note relationship with "z")Gold = Gallantly
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August Perret
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Used a revolutionary new product, reinforced concrete.Best known work, Notre Dame du Raincy in Paris used "Ferroconcrete"
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The height of stair and depth of stair treads are allowed to differ in size up to ________per IBC
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0.375"
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although the minimum clear width of an elevator is 36", what is the optimum width?
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3'-6"
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What level of Radon in pCi/L is acceptable before remedial action must be taken?
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4 pCi/LUnder 4 no action is required, over 4, remedial actions may includeSealing Cracks in foundation walls or floor slabsVentilationDepressurizing basement or crawlspace
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The construction of wood stairs is considered...
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Finish Carpentry
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Because the ram must be set into the ground the same depth as the travel of the elevator, and because speed is limited, hydraulic elevators are only used for passenger and freight loads in buildings where the vertical travel is:
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2 to 6 stories, or about 50 feet
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hydraulic elevators travel at speeds between:
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25 and 150 fpm. This keeps them from moving large numbers of people quickly.
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The most common type of elevator used for passenger service is the:
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Electric elevator. |
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Electric elevators travel at speeds between
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250 fpm to 1800 fpm
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The two types of electric elevators are:
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Geared traction Gearless traction
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2:1 roping
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permits a smaller, higher-speed motor for the elevator.Requires less weight to be lifted by the motor.Desirable for car speeds up to 700 fpm.
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The term used to describe the way the electrical systems for an elevator or group of elevators answer calls for service is called:A. ControlB. OperationC. CollectiveD. Group
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B. Operation
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The most common type of elevator operation is the:A. Single automaticB. group automaticC. selective automaticD. multiple automatic
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C. selective automatic. This system answers all calls in one direction and then reverses and answers all calls in the opposite direction.Single automatic has limited use and is best for small buildings where there is little traffic and exclusive use is desired.Group automatic works well for large buildings with many elevators. Uses a microprocessor to answer all calls in the most efficient manor.There is no multiple automatic operation system. |
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When a fire alarm is activated, all elevator cars must:A. stop at the closest floor.B. cut all electrical power.C. have emergency power and remain in operation as normal.D. return to a designated level and switch to manual operation.
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D. return to a designated level and switch to manual operation.
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Minimum elevator car door width to meet accessibility requirements is:A. 32"B. 36"C. 42"D. 48"
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B. 36"
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Elevator design involves selecting all of the following EXCEPT: A. CapacityB. SpeedC. Adequate number of elevators.D. Shaft rating
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D. Shaft rating
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For most buildings the elevator handling capacity is based on a:A. 1 min. periodB. 2 min. periodC. 5 min periodD. 7 min period
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C. 5 min periodFor office buildings this peak period is usually in the morning when everyone is coming to work. |
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Acceptable wait time for an elevator to arrive in a diversified office is between:
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30-35 sec. |
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There should never be more than ____ elevator cars in a group and ____cars in a line.
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8 cars in a group4 cars in a line
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The elevator method that minimizes shaft space on each floor is the:
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sky lobby concept
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The lobby width for an 8 car grouping is:
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2 x car depth. Max of 10' for barrier free design.
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Which doors allow faster passenger loading/unloading and save car travel time:A. center opening doorsB. Right side opening doorsC. Left side opening doorsD. front and rear opening doors.
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A. center opening doors
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An elevator door width that needs to be designed for people entering and exiting the car simultaneously would need a width of:A. 34"B. 36"C. 42"D. 48"
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D. 48"
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The best location and size of an elevator machine room is:
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directly above the shaft.Dimensions: same width as the shaft x 12' to 16' deeper than the shaft.
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True / False: The distance from the floor of the top landing to the underside of the machine room floor is generally no more than about 10'.
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False. This dimension can be substantial - 15ft to 30ft depending on the speed and type of elevator.
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Escalators are rated by:
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speed and size.
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The industry standard speed for an escalator is:A. 50 fpmB. 100 fpmC. 150 fpmD. 250 fpm
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B. 100 fpm
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The minimum width of a stair with an occupant load below 50 is:A. 36"B. 38"C. 42"D. 48"
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A. 36"
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The minimum width of a stair with an occupant load above 50 is:A. 36"B. 38"C. 44"D. 48"
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C. 44"
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Special use stairs such as circular, winders, and spiral stairs are limited to:A. floors where the occupant load is less than 50.B. homes, apartments, condominiums, etc.C. B OccupanciesD. A Occupancies
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B. homes, apartments, condominiums, etc
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The formula below that results in the biggest tread depth is:A. 2R + T = 25~26B. RT = 75C. R + T = 17D. T = 20 - 4R/3
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A. 2R + T = 25~26
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All of the following are advantages of escalators over elevators, EXCEPTA. they consume less power.B. they can carry heavier traffic.C. they can serve as legal exits.D. they occupy less space.
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C. they can serve as legal exits.
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What is the minimum permissible clear opening width for a door on a passenger elevator in a multi-story building?A. 28 in.B. 32 in.C. 36 in.D. 44 in
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B. 32 in. |
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What is an HVAC duct required to have if it penetrates a fire-rated wall?
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An HVAC duct in this situation must have a fire damper.
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What materials are combined to make concrete?
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This is made from• portland cement• water• aggregate• admixtures
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In the steel designation W18 X 36, what does the 18 represent?
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In the steel designation W18 X 36, this number is the nominal depth of the steel beam in inches.
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Why is a running bond stronger than a stack bond?
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Both are type of bonds used in masonry walls. The first has vertical joints that are staggered, while the second has joints that align, forming weak vertical planes within the wall. |
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What type of elevator is commonly used in a high-rise building?
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A gearless traction elevator is commonly used in this type of building. |
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What type of poured joints keeps two section of concrete slab in alignment after the concrete cures?
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A keyed joint is used for this purpose.
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Name three reasons to use laminated glass.
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Three reasons to use this kind of glass are• to control breakage• to control sound• to provide extra security
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What is galvanic action?
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This is the corrosive process that takes place when two dissimilar metals come into contact.
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Name three types of insulation commonly used in wall construction.
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Three materials used in this purpose are• batt• board• sprayed foam |
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What are the three methods by which single-ply roofing can be attached?
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Three ways this kind of roofing system can be attached are• adhered• mechanically fastened• ballasted |
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A masonry joint has a width of 3/4 in. What should the depth of the sealant be?
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For a masonry joint of this width, the sealant depth should be 1/2 in.
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What two methods of tensioning are used for prestressed concrete?
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Pretensioning and post-tensioning are two methods to construct this type of concrete. |
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What layers are added to a basic exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) to create a high impact EIFS? |
This is created by adding a layer of heavy duty mesh and a layer of base coat to the basic EIFS.
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What method must be used to ventilate a crawl space?
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Cross ventilation must be provided in this space by placing vents around the perimeter. |
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What type of brick is required in a severe weathering climate?
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SW brick is required in this kind of climate.
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What is the primary advantage of using tiebacks instead of braced excavation shoring?
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The primary advantage of this type of shoring is that it allows the excavated area to be free of bracing so that foundation construction can proceed. |
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Name three common finishes used on granite.
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Three common finished used on this material are• polished• honed• thermal
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What are two common reasons for using cork as a flooring material?
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Two common reasons for using this as a flooring material are for its resilience and for sound control.
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What size increments are standard for reinforcing bars?
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This construction material is available in size increments of 1/8 inch in diameter.
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In masonry, what is efflorescence?
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This is a white powdery crystalline salt that forms as a deposit on brick masonry.
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In architectural wood paneling, what is bookmatching?
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This is the placing of wood panels so that adjacent leaves form a symmetrical grain pattern.
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What is autoclaved aerated concrete, or AAC?
|
This is a lightweight precast building material made by adding aluminum power to concrete, placing the mixture in molds, and curing it in a pressurized steam chamber.
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Name three kinds of materials used in site paving.
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Three kinds of materials used for this are• concrete• asphaltic concrete• unit pavers such as brick and stone
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What metal must be used for hinges on a fire-rated door?
|
Hinges on doors of this type must be made of steel.
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What are the door and hardware requirements for a fire-rated door assembly?
|
This kind of assembly requires• a labeled door and frame• a door closer• a door latch• ball-bearing type hingesAll hardware must be UL listed. |
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What type of pressure is a structure subjected to if it is below the water table?
|
A structure under these circumstances is subjected to hydrostatic pressure.
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Why is a vapor barrier used under a concrete slab on grade?
|
This is used under a concrete slab on grade to prevent the migration of moisture through the slab.
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What is the difference between a latchset and a lockset?
|
The first is hardware that allows a door to be held in place. The second is hardware that allows a door to be locked.
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What types of glass may be used where safety and strength are concerns?
|
Tempered glass or laminated glass may be used when these factors are concerns. |
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|
what is concrete made of?
|
aggregate, cement and water |
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|
what is hydration?
|
a chemical reaction that causes hardening of concrete. concrete must be kept moist to harden. |
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What is mortar?
|
Cementious material used to hold masonry together. Mixture: cement, lime, sand and water.
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What is the purpose of lime or limestone when used in mortar?
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Its added to plasticize the cement so that its workable. It helps retain water in the mortar for hydration. |
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What type of cement should be used for marble, limestone, terra cotta, cut stone or glazed brick?
|
Non staining cement
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What is grout?
|
Its similiar to mortar but used to fill wall cavities or cores of hollow masonry units. It bonds masonry to reinforcement. |
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What are four basic types of mortar?
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M, S, N and O
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|
Difference btwn facing brick and building brick (common brick).
|
Facing brick is used for exposed locations (appraeance and uniformity of size are important). |
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|
what is the water-cement ratio law, and who developed it? (p.19)
|
a guideline for improving concrete by restricting the amount of water to the lowest value that will allow workability. Created by Duff A. Abrams in 1918. |
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who is Joseph Monier?
|
credited with making reinforced concrete widespread.
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who was eugene freyssinet?
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he patented a method for long span bridge design in 1928, using prestressed concrete. |
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|
how to decrease greenhouse gas emissions in concrete?
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1--increased use of fly ash instead of portland cement.
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