Ardms:abdomen/pediatric

Front 1

how should the pediatric liver appear?

Back 1

homogeneous with low level echoes and should not extend more than 1cm below the costal margin.

Front 2

what are the causes of neonatal jaundice?

Back 2

neonatal hepatitis, biliary atresia, and choledochal cysts

Front 3

what is neonatal hepatitis?

Back 3

an infection of the liver that reaches the liver throughout the placenta or through catheters, or blood transfusions. the echogenicity of the liver is increased with visualization of the venous structures decreased.

Front 4

what is biliary atresia?

Back 4

the narrowing or underdevelopment of the biliary ductal system. seen more commonly in males. it may or may not involve the gallbladder.

Front 5

what are the clinical features of biliary atresia?

Back 5

persistent jaundice, acholic stools, dark urine distended abdomen and hepatomegaly.

Front 6

what are choledochal cysts?

Back 6

an abnormal cystic dilation of the biliary tree, which most frequently affects the common bile duct.

Front 7

what percentage of liver tumors in children are benign?

Back 7

40%

Front 8

describe hemangiomas?

Back 8

vascular, mesenchymal mass characterized by active endothelial growth. can cause heart failure. sonographically, it appears the same as the adult.

Front 9

what is the most common benign vascular liver tumor of early childhood? usually occurring in the first 6 months?

Back 9

infantile hemangioendothelioma. usually regresses by 12-18 months.

Front 10

what is a mesenchymaal hamartoma?

Back 10

a rare tumor in the asymptomatic infant under 2yrs. has multiseptate cystic masses derived from periportal mesenchyma.

Front 11

what tumor is not commonly seen in infants unless liver disease is present?

Back 11

adenoma

Front 12

what are the 3 most common malignant tumors in children?

Back 12

1. Wilms tumor
2. neuroblastoma
3. hepatoblastoma

Front 13

what is a hepatoblastoma

Back 13

the infant form of hepatocellular carcinoma. associated with Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome

Front 14

what is the sonographic appearance of hepatoblastoma?

Back 14

single, solid, large or mixed echogenicity and poorly marginated, with small cysts and rounded or irregularly shaped deposits of calcium

Front 15

what is Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome?

Back 15

it is a congenital disorder that is associated with large organs, and bodies

Front 16

what is hepatocellular carcinoma?

Back 16

malignant tumor of the liver which presents as a multi centric solid masss, usually without calcification and variable echogenicity. can have thrombus or tumor invasion in the portal venous structure.

Front 17

what is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

Back 17

overgrowth of the circular muscle of the pylorus which narrows the pyloric canal. usually appears between 2-6 weeks, males.

Front 18

what are the sonographic findings of pylorus stenosis?

Back 18

the muscle s thickened and elongated and extends into the antrum appearance called the "cervix" sign. transversely it appears as a "bulls eye". Measures 3.5cm or greater

Front 19

after gastroenteritis, what is the most common acute abdominal inflammatory process in children?

Back 19

appendicitis

Front 20

what cause appendicitis?

Back 20

it occurs when the appendiceal lumen becomes obstructed and subsequently infected.

Front 21

what is the progression of appendicitis?

Back 21

acute, perforation (6-12 hours)

Front 22

what is an aappendicolith?

Back 22

calculi or stones in the appendix.

Front 23

what is intussusception?

Back 23

a common disorder in early childhood. it occurs when bowel prolapses into a more distal bowel. the ileum my invaginate into a more distal ileum. has a sandwich sign appearance.