Ardms Prostate Abdomen Nikki

Front 1

___ cancer is the most common malignant tumor in men and is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in men.

Back 1

Prostate

Front 2

Prostate CA is seen more commonly in what race? Less commonly?

Back 2

Blacks>Whites>Asian

Front 3

What are the 4 zones of the prostate?

Back 3

Peripheral Zone
Central Zone
Transitional Zone
Fibromuscular Stroma

Front 4

What zone of the prostate is the largest? ___% of prostate CA occurs here.

Back 4

Peripheral zone
70%

Front 5

T/F

The peripheral zone is located posteriorly and extends to both lateral margins. It becomes thicker at the apex.

Back 5

true

Middleton 184 Fig 6-54

Front 6

The central zone is located predominately at the apex/base, between the peripheral zone lobes

Back 6

base

Middleton 184 Fig 6-54

Front 7

The base of the prostate is located superiorly/inferiorly and the apex is located superiorly/inferiorly.

Back 7

base = superior
apex = inferior

Middleton 184 Fig 6-54

Front 8

What is the smallest zone in the normal prostate gland?

Back 8

Transitional zone

Middleton 184 Fig 6-54

Front 9

Where is the transitional zone located? ___% of prostate cancer occurs here.

Back 9

periurethral, between the apex and the base

20%

Middleton 184 Fig 6-54

Front 10

___% of prostate cancer occurs in the central zone.

Back 10

5%

Front 11

From which zone does BPH arise?

Back 11

transitional/glandular zone

Front 12

The anterior aspect of the prostate is compoed of nonglandular tissue and is called the ___ ___

Back 12

fibromuscular stroma

Front 13

The seminal vescicles are situated immediately above/below the prostate.

Back 13

above

Front 14

when focal lesions are seen on US or palpated, they should be biopsied. In addition, random biopsies should be obtained from ___ quadrants

Back 14

at least 4

20% will be positive for cancer

Front 15

A PSA level of > ___ is considered abnormal. A PSA level of < ___ is considered normal.

Back 15

<4 normal
4-10 indeterminate
>10 abnormal

Front 16

T/F

US alone is only 60-70% sensitive for detecting prostate cancer, so it is usually performed in conjunction with biopsies to increase sensitivity.

Back 16

true

Front 17

70% of prostate cancer is hypoechoic/hyperechoic.

Back 17

hypoechoic

most are hypervascular

Middleton 186

Front 18

___% of hypoechoic lesions in the peripheral zone are prostate cancer.

Back 18

20-30%

BPH, prostatitis, atrophy, fibrosis, and infarct can have a similar appearance.

Middleton 186

Front 19

What is the sonographic appearance of BPH?

Back 19

transitional zone
inhomogeneity
enlargement
calcification
possibly cystic changes

Front 20

What are the normal dimensions of the prostate?

Back 20

4x4cm

Front 21

The central zone surrounds the ___ ___

Back 21

ejaculatory ducts

Sanders 36

Front 22

What is the function of the prostate?

Back 22

it secretes fluid to assist sperm mobility

Front 23

the vas deferens unite with the seminal vesicle to form the ___ duct

Back 23

ejaculatory ducts

Front 24

the seminal vescicles and vas deferens lie inferior/superior to the prostate.

Back 24

superior

Front 25

the ejaculatory duct joins the urethra at the ___

Back 25

verumontanum

Sanders 36

Front 26

What approach is used to view the prostate?

Back 26

transabdominal for gland size and radiotherapy planning

transrectal to document disease and guide biopsy

Front 27

What can cause elevation of PSA?

Back 27

age
BPH
cancer
preinvasive neoplasm (precancerous disease)
prostatitis

Front 28

What enzyme will increase in prostate cancer with bone metastases?

Back 28

acid phosphatase

Front 29

With BPH, the transitional zone enlarges and compresses the ___ zone.

Back 29

transitional zone enlarges and compresses the peripheral zone

Front 30

T/F

Occasionally, deposits of BPH bulge out of the prostate in an eccentric fashion (e.g., toward the bladder)

Back 30

true

Front 31

T/F

Focal hypoechoic deposits of BPH may develop in the peripheral zone.

Back 31

true

Front 32

What 2 sites does prostate cancer tend to metastasize to?

Back 32

bone and lymph nodes (both poorly seen with US)

Front 33

Which method detects the most cases of prostate cancer, digital rectal exam, PSA level, or US?

Back 33

PSA level

Front 34

In which zone are most prostate cancers found?

Back 34

peripheral zone

Front 35

Utricles are congenital midline cysts connected to the verumontanum by a small duct. With what condition are they associated?

Back 35

unilateral renal agenesis

Middleton 187 Fig 6-57

Front 36

Mullerian duct cysts develop from remnants of the mullerian duct. Where are they located?

Back 36

in the midline at the base of the prostate

Front 37

What are retention cysts?

Back 37

cysts that result from BPH and often contain mucous. They are often found in the central zone.

Front 38

What is the sonographic appearance of acute prostatitis?

Back 38

hypoechoic areas, especially in the peripheral zone

Front 39

What is the sonographic appearance of chronic prostatitis?

Back 39

echogenic areas
sometimes calcification

Front 40

Granulomatous prostatitis is a rare form of prostatitis that causes focal hypoechoic areas that closely resemble ___ lesions

Back 40

cancerous

Front 41

Abscesses that result from prostatitis appear as hypoechoic areas in the prostate. The usually do/don't contain some debris.

Back 41

prostate abscesses usually contain debris

Front 42

Prostate Cancer occurs where?

___% central zone
___% transitional zone
___% peripheral zone

Back 42

5% central zone
20% transitional zone
75% peripheral zone

Front 43

___% of prostate cancer is hypoechoic. ___% of prostate cancer is hyperechoic.

Back 43

70% hypoechoic
30% hyperechoic