Ardms Abdomen/small Parts

Front 1

3 branches of Aortic arch

Back 1

Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

Front 2

Thyroid produces:

Back 2

Thyroxin ( T3, T4)
Calcitonin

Front 3

What does thyroxin do?

Back 3

Regulates metabolic rate. (needs iodine)

Front 4

What does calcitonin do?

Back 4

Reduces amount of calcium in blood by accumulation in bones.

Front 5

Hashimoto's

Back 5

Chronic Inflammation.Common. autoimmune
F>M 10-20 times. 30-50 y.o.
Symmetrical enlargement of thyroid, tenderness.
Asymptomatic, Function can be normal.
Late stage- Hypothyroidism.
Heterogenious texture.

Front 6

Sono appearance of Hashimotos

Back 6

Diffuse glandular enlargement.
Hyperthyroid -early
Hypothyroid- late stage.

Front 7

What is Goiter?

Back 7

Any enlargement of thyroid gland.

Front 8

Nontoxic Simple Goiter

Back 8

Diffuse thyroid enlargement.
Due to iodine shortage or malfunction of thyroid gland.
Early- homogenious.
Late- assymetric, multinodular gland with hemorrhage and calcification.

Front 9

Toxic multinodular goiter.

Back 9

Enlarged inhomogenious gland, lated areas of focal scarring, ischemia, and necrosis, cyst formation. fibrosis and calcifications.
isthmus >3cm.

Front 10

Graves Disease

Back 10

Possibly autoimmune. Increased vascularity.
Diffuse toxic goiter.
Ophthalmopathy.
Cutaneous manifastations

Front 11

DeQuervain's thyroiditis

Back 11

Probably caused by viral infection,
Diffuse inflammation of thyroid, enlargement, tenderness.
After time pain will subside and throid functions normally.

Front 12

Thyroid Adenoma

Back 12

Benign, fibrous encapsulation, F>M
Solitary nodule with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis.
Hypo or hyperechoic, with halo around.
Possible calcifications around rim.

Front 13

Papillary cancer

Back 13

Most common of thyroid malignancies. F>M.
Sono: Hypoechoic, Microcalcifications, Hypervascular.
Mets to cervical lymph nodes.

Front 14

Follicular carcinoma
(thyroid)

Back 14

Usually solitary mass, agressive.
Sono: Irregular, Firm, nodular enlargement.

Front 15

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 15

Older females. Rapidly growing mass in neck. Can arise from Hashimoto's disease.
Sono: Nonvascular, hypoechoic, lobulated mass.Large areas of cystic necrosis inside tumor. Rest of thyroid heterogenious due to associated chronic thyroiditis.

Front 16

Parathyroid

Back 16

4 flat disc shaped glands, lie on pesterior part of thyroid.
Produce Parathormone (PTH) To monitor the serum calcium. Decreases level of calcium in blood by Increasing the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of activated Vit D.

Front 17

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Back 17

State of increased funcion of the parathyroid glands. F>M . Common after menapause. Characterized by Hyperkalemia, Hypercalciurea and low serum phosphate.

Front 18

Adenoma
(parathyroid)

Back 18

Most common cause of hyperparathyiroidism. Benign, < 3cm, Mostly shaped oval.
Sono: Hypoechoic, solid, encapsulated, discrete border.

Front 19

Secondary hyperthyroidism

Back 19

Chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, Vit D deficiency, or malabsorption syndromes. Hyperfunction of parathyroid is compensaatory reaction; renal insufficiency and intestinal malabsorption cause hypocalcemia, which leads to stimulation of PTH. All four glands are affected.

Front 20

Testicles

Back 20

Paired reproductive organs of male. Oval, 3-5cm x2-4cm x3cm. Size deceases with age.

Front 21

Tunica Albuginea

Back 21

Dence fibrous capsule covering each testicle.

Front 22

Tunica Vaginalis

Back 22

Parietal layer lining the scrotal sac

Front 23

Arterial blood suppply to testicle.

Back 23

Aorta->testicular->capsular->cantripetal->centrifugal.

Front 24

Venous drainage of testicles

Back 24

Pampiniform plexus->spermatic(testicular)vein->rt IVC
->lt into lt renal vein

Front 25

Mediatinum testis

Back 25

Echogenic line extending from superior to inferior pole of the testicle.

Front 26

Cryptorchidism

Back 26

Undescended testicle. Can be located in abdomen, inguinal canal.
Mostly ulinateral.
High risk for cancer if not treated.

Front 27

Epididumitis

Back 27

Inflammation or infection of epididymis.
Most common cause off acute scrotal pain and tenderness.
Fever, painful urination.
Sono: enlarged, Hypoechoic due to edema,reactive hydrocele, increased vascular flow

Front 28

Orchitis

Back 28

Infection that has spread to testicle.
Fever, increased WBC's, pain, skin thickening.
Sono: Decreased echogenicity. Increased blood flow, Hydrocele.

Front 29

Testicular torsion

Back 29

Common in young males(< 25y.o.), Peak at 13 years of age.
Sono: enlarged, hypoechoic, may be inhomogenious, hydrocele, wall thickening. Absense of blood flow.

Front 30

Spermatocele

Back 30

(cystic dilation of the efferent ductules)
Benign, cysts consisting of nonviable sperm in head of epididymis. Caused by obstruction.
Sono: looks liek simple cyst, sometimes loculations and septations are present. 2-5 cm

Front 31

Varicocele

Back 31

Abnormal dilation and tortuosity of the vein in the pampiniform plexusof the spermatic cord. most common on left. Common cause of infertility in men.
Sono: Extratesticulr collectionof tortuoustubular structures measuring >2mm, increases with Valsalva.

Front 32

Benign testicular lesions

Back 32

Rare, include non-germ cell tumors, Leydig and Sertoli cell tumors.
Sono: well-circumscribed, hypoechoic.

Front 33

Microlithiasis
(testicular)

Back 33

Multiple echogenic area. "tiny spackles" without acoustic shadowing

Front 34

Seminoma

Back 34

Most common type of germ cell tumor. 40% to 50%of all cases. Usually present in 3rd-4th decade of life.
Elevated gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein.
Sono: Hypoechoic, Smooth well defined borders.

Front 35

Embryonal cell carcinoma

Back 35

25% of all testicular tumors. In yound males. Agressive. Invasion of tunica albugenia. elevated alpha-fetoprotein
Sono:Small hypoechoic mass. Areas of increased echogenicity due to calcification. Irregular borders. May contain cystic areas.

Front 36

Yolk sac tumor

Back 36

Infantile form of embryonal sell cell carcinoma, the most common type of germ cell tumor in infants. 60%of testicular tumors in infants.
Elevated gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein.

Front 37

Teratoma

Back 37

Second most common tumor in children and infants. Benighn in children- Malignant in adults.
Elevated gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein.
Sono: Complex mass, usually cystic and/or solid. Well defined borders.Acoustic shadowing.

Front 38

Choriocarcinoma

Back 38

Less common, contains mixed cell types.
Elevated gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein.
Sono: irregular borders, complex, mets usually seen.

Front 39

Testicular Metastasis

Back 39

Rare, occur later in life.
Primary tumors originate from: prostate, or kidneys.
Less common: lungs, pancreas, bladder, colon, thyroid, melanoma.
Bilateral with multiple lesions.
Sono:Solid, hypoechoic.

Front 40

Zones of the prostate

Back 40

Central zone
Periferal zone
Transition zone(BPH)
Periurethral glandular tissiu (zone)

Front 41

Normal prostate specific antigen levels based on age

Back 41

40-49y ---0-2.5
50-59y ---0-3.5
60-69 ----0-4.5
70-79 ----0-6.5