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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Archeology
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Value of recording sites and artifacts as well as documents and inscriptions.
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Prehistory
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There are two types of Archeologist; prehistorians or historical archeologists. They all possess a basic framework of dates and a general idea of the society of a particular period into which to fit their findings. Those who study PREHISTORY, it is a concept only firmly established after 1850 and they have to create some kind of framework for themselves from artifacts and sites alone. A lot of people restrict the term historical archeology to a period beginning around AD 1500 because a lot of things didn't survive time.
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Three-age system
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Dating from the golden age to the iron age. Stone to bronze to iron material. Applied the type of dating in 1816.
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Antiquarian
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Argued validity of three-age system.
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Noble Savage Myth
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Philosophical and literary concept that regained popularity in the 18th century in writings of Rousseau. In Julius Caesar's time, BC, Tacitus wrote about the simple life of the Barbarians of Germany and made a political point by contrasting them with the corruption of the Roman society; nor did he travel among the Germans. He also embellished most of his 'found' Greek writings and he got most of his info from army officers and civil servants from his own social circle who held frontiers of the Roman Empire.
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Enlightenment and Archeology
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Cumulation of increasing separation between science and religion among many philosophers in 18th century AD. It began during the medieval humanists began to use the writings of Greek such as Aristotle in which ideas of biological and social evolution were already emerging.
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Scientific Revolution
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The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. According to traditional accounts, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. John Aubrey started in the 17th century, characterized by a desire to approach any subject from a sound basis of classification and comparison, whether astronomy, medicine, botany or antiquities.
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Rescue Archeology
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Rescue archaeology, sometimes called preventive archaeology, salvage archaeology, or commercial archaeology is archaeological survey and excavation carried out in areas threatened by, or revealed by, construction or other land development. These conditions could include, but are not limited to, highway projects, major construction, the flood plain of a proposed dam, or even before the onset of war. Unlike traditional survey and excavation, rescue archaeology must be undertaken at speed. Rescue archaeology is included in the broader category of cultural resource management (CRM).
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Grand Tour
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Thomas Howard was one who traveled to Italy in 1612 and dug for antiquities and made a collection. The Grand Tour was the traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transit in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary. It served as an educational rite of passage.The primary value of the Grand Tour, it was believed, lay in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance, and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent. In addition, it provided the only opportunity to view specific works of art, and possibly the only chance to hear certain music. A grand tour could last from several months to several years.
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Natural selection and social evolution
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Science had moved on from the 17th and 18th centuries to become what we know today-a discipline based upon lab observation and experiment, rather than the pursuit of knowledge in general. It boosted the interest in causes and effects such as natural selection and social evolution through stages of savagery to barbarism to civilization.
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Closed Finds
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Graves, hoards...development of culture can be divided by finds of stone, copper, and iron in these areas by Thomsen.
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Paleolithic
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Period is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered (Grahame Clark's Modes I and II), and covers roughly 99% of human technological prehistory. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools, probably by hominins such as australopithecines, 2.6 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP.[1] The Paleolithic era is followed by the Mesolithic. The date of the Paleolithic—Mesolithic boundary may vary by locality as much as several thousand years. During the Paleolithic, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals.[2] The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including leather and vegetable fibers; however, due to their nature, these have not been preserv
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Neolithic
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New Stone age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world[1] and ending between 4,500 and 2,000 BC.
Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.[2] |
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Mesolithic
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stone") is an archaeological concept used to refer to specific groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term developed as a catch-all to refer to material that did not fit into the other categories of prehistory. The term "Epipaleolithic" is often used for areas outside northern Europe but was also the preferred synonym used by French archaeologists until the 1960s.
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Stratigraphic Sequence
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Series of different burial practices and grave forms and placed them in chronological order either by reference to artifacts found in them or by observation of excavated sites found in this stratigraphic sequence.
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Ray's Taxonomy
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In 17th century, laid down the principle of fixed species such as homo-sapiens.
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Typology
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Differs from classification in that the artifacts are arranged into sequences according to developments and changes that may allow them to be placed in chronological order.
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Great Chain of Being
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a concept derived from Plato and Aristotle, and developed fully in Neoplatonism. It details a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God. The chain starts from God and progresses downward to angels, demons (fallen/renegade angels), stars, moon, kings, princes, nobles, men, wild animals, domesticated animals, trees, other plants, precious stones, precious metals, and other minerals.
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Catastrophists
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the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events. Often contrasted with uniformitarianism.
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Uniformitarians
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the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes. Often contrasted with noun catastrophism.
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Fluvialists
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One who exlpains geological phenomena by the action of streams.
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Paradigm Shift
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a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions. Ideas usually meet resistance.
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Urban revolution
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To describe the shift from hunting to farming.In anthropology and archaeology, the Urban Revolution is the process by which small, kin-based, nonliterate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies. The term "urban revolution" was introduced in the 1930s by V. Gordon Childe, an Australian archaeologist. Childe also coined the term Neolithic Revolution to describe the earlier process by which Hunter-Gatherer Societies domesticated crops and animals and began a farming lifestyle. Childe was the first to synthesize and organize the large volume of new archaeological data in the early 20th century in social terms. Whereas previous archaeologists had concentrated on chronology and technology, Childe applied concepts and theories from the social sciences to interpret archaeological finds. Childe first discussed the Urban Revolution in his 1936 book, Man Makes Himself, and then his 1950 article in the journal Town Planning Review brought the concept to
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World prehistory
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oldest known agriculture
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Stratification
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Any number of relatable deposits of archeological stars (from a stake-hole to the floor of a cathedral) whcih are the result of successive operations of either nature or mankind.
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Strata layers
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layers of rock, or sometimes soil. In nature, strata come in many layers. It is a term in sedimentary and historical geology; the singular is stratum.
These layers are laid down as sediment, often in the sea, and are slowly changed by pressure, heat and chemical action into rocks. The strata are often typical of a particular time and place, and allow geologists to relate rocks in different places. For instance, chalk was laid down in the Upper Cretaceous period, and consists mainly of the remains of microscopic algae called coccoliths. In normal strata, the later strata are laid down on earlier strata in horizontal layers. In the long passage of time, sedimentary rocks may get deformed by huge forces in the Earth: volcanism, orogeny (mountain building) or other causes. Then it requires research to work out what has happened to the strata. When strata rise above sea level they get worn down by erosion, such as weather. This causes gaps in the sequence of strata, which may have risen |
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Stratigraphy
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Study of archeological stars..with a view to arranging them in a chronological sequence.
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Superposition
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based on observations of natural history that is a foundational principle of sedimentary stratigraphy and so of other geology dependent natural sciences:
Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.Superposition in archaeology and especially in stratification use during excavation is slightly different as the processes involved in laying down archaeological strata are somewhat different from geological processes. Man made intrusions and activity in the archaeological record need not form chronologically from top to bottom or be deformed from the horizontal as natural strata are by equivalent processes. Some archaeological strata (often termed as contexts or layers) are created by undercutting previous strata. An example would be that the silt backfill of an underground drain would form some time after the ground immediately above it. Other examples of non vertical superposition would be modifications to standing struct |
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Horizontal and Vertical Observations
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horizontal: by each year and vertical for deep layers. Excavated by horizontal or by vertical.
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Box System
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Wheeler did a grid of square trenches on a site, with baulks left between them a permanent record of the stratification of all four sides of each trench.
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Sondages
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When complications occured with the box system with rescue excavations constrained by time and limitations they began to sink deep shafts to sample their successive occupations and artifacts, a shortage of space made horizontal excavation of the lower levels physically impossible. He then stressed the need the excavate layers and features such as pits or walls and the interfaces between them rather than removing horizontal levels which was the typical american way at the time.
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Shovel-testing
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Minimal method of mapping the extent of sites which are not deeply buried, thought of as an extension of surface fieldwork where numerous small holes are dug up to locate archeological deposits but aren't actually excavated.
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Test-pits
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Usually small trenches 2m X 2m to examine the nature of archeology of a site and to produce stratigraphic evidence without damaging too much of the archeology.
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Evaluation Trenches
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Used in commercial archeology when large areas of the landscape need to be examined to determine the existence or nature of archeological deposits in advance of full open area excavation. They are long linear trenches to examine large areas.
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Open area excavation
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Methods developed in the first half of 20th century on site lying on flat alluvial land in germany and netherlands.
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Harris Matrix
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The Harris matrix is a tool used to depict the temporal succession of archaeological contexts and thus the sequence of deposition on a 'dry land' archaeological site. The matrix reflects the relative position and stratigraphic contacts of observable stratigraphic units, or contexts. The Matrix was developed in 1974 in Winchester, England, by Dr. Edward C. Harris.
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Unit of Stratification
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As Harris points out, every unit of stratification is formed by material and immaterial aspects that have to be found and recorded by the excavating archaeologist. The material aspects are the single deposits , the immaterial aspects are single surfaces as the bounding surfaces of single deposits and surfaces in their own right as the surfaces of pits, ditches, walls also known as feature interfaces.
In the first instance these two aspects are the main objects to be recorded on a stratigraphic excavation. Any finds, samples, plans or other information and observations stored in databases have to be related to the single deposits and single surfaces, i.e. the single units of stratification. Therefore they become a unique number or identifier which they inherit to finds, plans, datasets etc.. Considering the stratigraphical relations of the single units of stratification their relative temporal succession can be displayed by the means of a Harris Matrix . |
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Interfaces
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page
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section drawings
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illustrates relationships between layers, structures, or other features that are crucial to dating or interpretation. Better than photographs for showing composition of silted-up ditches or rubbish pits.
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Terminus post
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A fixed point from which all successive layers or features must be of later date during the process of relating stratification to datable items or events.
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Terminus Ante Quem
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During the process of relating stratification to datable items or events is a dated level beneath which everything must be older. Ex: the volcanic debris deposited over pompeii in AD 79.
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Institute for archeologists
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An organization of archeologists in Britain that attempts to set standards for professional work.
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World heritage sites
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A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place (such as a forest, mountain, lake, island, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is listed by the UNESCO as of special cultural or physical significance.[1] The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 states' parties[2] which are elected by their General Assembly.[3]
The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. |
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Grey literature
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informally published written material (such as reports) that may be difficult to trace via conventional channels such as published journals and monographs because it is not published commercially or is not widely accessible. It may nonetheless be an important source of information for researchers, because it tends to be original and recent.
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Middle Range Theory
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efers to theories linking human behavior and natural processes to physical remains in the archaeological record. It allows archaeologists to make inferences in the other direction: from archaeological finds in the present to behaviors in the past. Middle range theories are derived from ethnoarchaeology and experimental research in combination with the study of taphonomic processes.
The term was adapted from middle range theory in sociology by Lewis Binford. He conducted ethnographic fieldwork amongst modern hunter-gatherer peoples such as the Nunamiut Eskimo, the Navajo, and Australian Aborigines in order to understand the pattern of waste their activities generated. He then used this data to infer the behavior of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers from the waste they left in the archaeological record. |
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Industrial Archeology
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More recent past on urban sites to find aspects of industrial processes or the lifestyles of the poorer social group which may not have been recorded in written documents.
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Gave goods
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A selection of personnal items or gifts to take into an afterlife that might indicate a deceased one's sex, social status, religion, and date of burial.
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Natural cataclysms
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Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions..difficult preservations and difficult to get to.
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Organic materials
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from wood to textiles they all survive best when bacteria are unable to attack them since it needs a combination of warmth, air and water. Permanently frozen conditions prevent bacterial decay such as the ice man found in austria/italy whose body survived as well as his clothes and possessions.
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post hole
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Simplest method of erecting a firm upright is to dig a hole, stand a post in it and then pack the upcast from the hole firmly back around it, perhaps with the addition of some packing stones..for below ground foundations.
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foundation trench
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A continuous post hole like dig for larger areas where they holes need to be set close together
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dendrochronology
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tree-ring dating, is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year.
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virtual reality modeling
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sophisticated way to view graphics.
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Single context recording
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seeing individual units of stratification as opposed to seeing each unit as a general phase in a large area. Two general relationships between units..above or cutting through another unit and therefore later than that unit. And beneath or cut by another unit and therefore earlier than that unit. occasionally two unit may be equivalent and therefore contemporary with each other. for ex two areas of clay that once formed part of the same floor.
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relational
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allows several separate files of information to be linked and combined into a single report. thus a complete list of excavated units in which coins were found could be produced along with details of pottery found in the same units and allow people to check their own findings against a list of dates supplied by a numismatist.
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Archeological data service
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an open access digital archive for archaeological research outputs. It is located in The King's Manor, at the University of York. Originally intended to curate digital outputs from archaeological researchers based in the UK's Higher Education sector, the ADS also holds archive material created under the auspices of national and local government as well as in the commercial archaeology sector. The ADS carries out research, most of which focuses on resource discovery, cross-searching and interoperability with other relevant archives in the UK, Europe and the United States of America.
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