Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the Holocene epoch? |
-Follows the Pleistocene epoch -Began rougly 11,000 years ago |
|
|
How did the Holocene epoch start and why? |
It is the switch to an agriculture life due to increase in global temperature, human groups expanded their resource space, groups that are mobile began to live a mobile life |
|
|
What is domestication? |
Refersto a relationship between humans, plants, and animals in which humans play anintegral role in the protection and reproduction of plant and animal species |
|
|
What is selective breeding? |
Interfering with the natural life process Sometimes intentional, sometimes not!! |
|
|
What is artifical selection? |
-The process used in the domestication and refinement of plants and animals whereby humans select which members of a species will live and produce offspring. Humans make such decisions on the basis of their needs or desires concerning the form or behaviour of the species Example: Wanting to have sex with someone but must be Auston to have a cute aussie junior <3 |
|
|
What is the Neolithic Revolution |
Defined by V. Gordon Childe, term to describe the change form hunting and gathering to agriculture - Took place during a time of severe drought Gradual transition |
|
|
Explanation of food production: oasis theory? |
-Childe's theory of drastic climate change --- -Suggested that there was a very extreme climatic shift at the end of the Ice Age -Increase rainfall but drought in other places -- -Humans and animals and vegetation forced to move to small Oasis -Increase interaction of humans and animals |
|
|
Marginalone Hypothesis |
-10,000years ago… people already moved to the optimal zones -Agriculture developed due to overpopulation -Good areas filled to capacity -Force people to move to more marginal zones -Attempt to recreate artificially the resources that were available in the prime regions |
|
|
Define Archaeobotany |
Theanalysis and interpretation of the remains of ancient plants recovered from thearchaeological record |
|
|
Define Microbotanicals |
Tinyremains of plants |
|
|
Define Pollen |
microscopicgrains containing male gametes |
|
|
Define phytoliths |
microscopicstructure that forms within the cell of many plants, inorganic |
|
|
Evidence of Domestication : Geography |
Plant and animal remains appear abruptly in the archaeological record at sites located in territories where the plant and animal species represented are not known to have grown or lived naturally |
|
|
Meanseed size |
Achange in the seed size may also be an indicator of domestication as peopleselect for plants that produce larger seeds |
|
|
Seedmorphology |
-Where the archaeological record shows the development of a predominance of non-brittle attachments (rachis) of seeds in plants harvested by an ancient people, a kind of unconscious selection may be at work -Domesticated seed coats are often thinner than those of wild plants |
|
|
Osteologicalchange |
Lightlyconstructed bones of otherwise wild animals found in archaeological contextsmay be interpreted as resulting from the animals having been penned by humancontrollers and protectors throughout their lives |
|
|
Animalpopulation characteristics |
Whenan overabundance of the bones of sub adult males is found at an archaeologicalsite, this may indicate that people had a level of control over the populationgreater than what would be expected if they merely had been huntingfree-roaming wild animals |
|
|
Significance of Natufian burial - Ain Mallaha |
- Dogs were the first domesticated animal, 30,000 years ago, in Europe/Asia - This site dates to 12,000 years ago Came |
|
|
TheFertile Crescent |
Acrescent shaped region extending from the eastern Mediterranean coast of modernIsrael, Lebanon, and Syria north into the Zagros Mountains and then Southtoward the Persian Gulf in Iran and Iraq (Agriculture is present here) |
|
|
Natufian |
- collector type hunter gatherers who established sedentary settlements in parts of the Near East after 15,000 to 12,000 years ago - Lived in caves and rock shelters - Hunters and gatherers |
|
|
Lunates |
- tiny crescent shaped stone tools -has similar characteristics of the Natufian |
|
|
Neolithic - settlement begins to increasewhich caused |
-Domestication to begin...about 8000 BC in the Near East during the Neolithic -Catalhoyuk is one of the oldest and largest complex settlements in the Neolithic |
|
|
Maglemosian(Middle stone age) |
-Culture of the early Mesolithic period in Northern Europe, 10,000 years -Living in a stationary life before agriculture was introduced -Huge mounds of shell fish |
|
|
What are Middens |
Archaeological sites or features within sites formed largely by the accumulation of domestic waste |
|
|
What are some early Neolithic Sites of Europe |
Balkan Peninsula - 7000 BC Central and Northern Europe - 5000 BC |
|
|
Where was agriculture introduced in the new world |
Easter North America South America Mesoamerica |
|
|
Origins of Maize: Teosinte |
-a grass called teosinte is the wild ancestorof maize -Lysinetryptophan |
|
|
Importance ofCahokia, Illinois |
- Large number of Mississippians - They depended on agriculture - Main crops: maize and squash - Food surplus: support priests |
|
|
What is the Mound 72 burial |
Burial mound of Cahokia's important leaders On a platform of cut bird shell beads |
|
|
Stonehenge,England : Phases? |
Phase 1: Earthwork Aubrey holes: holes that go around in the circle, a meter in diameter Hold cremated human remains Phase 2: Wooden Structures Phase 3: Stone Monument Phase 4: The Blue Stones Crescent ( Semi circle pattern in the center of the monument) |
|
|
Summer solstice |
Sun shines directly down stonehenge |
|
|
The Amesbury Archer |
-Amesbury named after unique artifacts discovered with him - richest burial in this region - Early bronze age burial - Located 5 km from stonehenge - Presence of grave goods -Dates 2470 B.C. - Beaker Pottery |
