Archeology Midterm

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Any objects created or modified and then discarded by humans

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MATERIAL REMAINS

1) Artifacts- are portable
2) Features- are not portable

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A circumscribed collection of associated artifacts and features

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ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE

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the 8 steps of the Archeological Process:

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1) Survey (process of locating sites)
2) Mapping the site
3) Excavation
4) Recording the process
5) Recovery of artifacts
6) Processing (of art. cleaning weighing, drawing etc)
7) Storage of artifacts
8) Publishing Results

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The process of recovering artifacts and uncovering features

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Excavation

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Charles Lyell

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1) Main proponent of unitarianism
2) Wrote "Principles of Geology" in 1830

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Evolutionary theory according to Darwin wallace huxley

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1) simple organisms evolve into more complex ones by means of natural selection
2) Humans and apes share the same primate common ancestor
3) the earliest primates 60 mya after extinction of dinosaurs... grasping hands

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Raymond Dart

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Discovered the Taung Child (1924)

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Taung Child

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1) Discovered by Raymond Dart in 1924
2) First African Hominid found
3) stood upright, human like teeth
4) more apelike structure, diffence in spinal chord connection
5) existed 2-3 mya

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Difference between hominoids and homonids

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1) Hominoids- 18 mya (common ancestor)
2) Homonids- 5 mya (our direct line)

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Neanderthal

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1) first major breakthrough (1856)

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First notifiable remain that showed pelvic structures that supported upright walking.
1) existed 3 mya
2) A. aferensis

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Lucy (1974)

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Discovered in France in 1940 by four teenagers
1) "Hall of the Bulls" 17,000 ya
2) black and red are primary colors

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Lascaux Cave Paintings

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Characteristics of Lascaux cave paintings

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1) Images are in the dark
2) Horses and Bison Prominent
3) Very few Human images (Usually animal composites)
4) Black/Red
5) Super imposed images
Uses the contours of the cave

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Lower Paleolithic

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Approx. 2mya - 200,000 ya (Part of Stone age)

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Mid and Upper Paleolithic

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200,000 ya - 10,000 ya
1) cave art and venus figurines appear during this period

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Stone Age time line

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1) Lower Paleolithic: 2mya - 200,000
2) Middle and Upper Paleolithic: 200,000ya-10,000ya
3) Mesolithic: 10,000- 8,000 ya
4) Neolithic: 8,000- 3,000 ya
5) Bronze Age: 3,000 - 1,000 bc
6) Iron Age: 1000 Bc onwards

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Megaliths

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1) started about 4500 b.c.
2) Include Menhirs, Dolmens, and Henges

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Menhirs

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Large standing stones sometimes in linear arrangements
1) ex: Carnac, France.

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Neolithic Period

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8,000- 3,000 ya... era of the Megaliths

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Dolmens

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1) Megalithic tombs... often buried (barrows)
2) can have astrological alignment
3) ex: Newgrange

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Henges

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Large enclosures, usually ditch and bank
EX: Avebury, Stonehenge

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This monument relic is the largest known single block of stone to have been transported and erected by Neolithic Man

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"The Broken Menhir of Er Grah in Brittany" (4700 BC)

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"Newgrange"

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Pictured example of a DOLMEN... had roofbox feature, was aligned to solstices

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The largest collection of Menhirs is located...

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Carnac, France
1) 3000 stones
2) 13 lines, 4 miles
3) shorter stones east, taller stones west

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Largest prehistoric monument in Europe...

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"Sillsbury Hill" at "Avebury"
1) covers 5 acres
2) Built 5000 ya

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Stonehenge

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1) Bank and ditch henge made for rituals surrounding death... part of a larger complex
2) Had Trilithons in a horseshoe shape
3) Shortest 20 ft. tallest 24 ft.

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Trilithons

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1) common at stonehenge... had a notch and socket arrangement

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Three significant human innovations

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1) Agriculture (8000 BC)
2) Writing (Mesopotamia 3400 BC)
3) Urbanism (Mesopotamia 4750 BC)

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the 4 steps of the evolution of society:

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1) Bands (Hunter gath., simple ag, acheived rank, kin-based)
2) Tribes (Some stratification)
3) Cheifdoms (stratified, inherhited pos., recog. leaders)
4) Civilizations

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Characteristics of Ancient Civilization

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1) complex social hierarchies
2) organized gov.
3) Public buildings and monumental arch.
4) Formal record keeping
5) State religion

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What is a city?

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an inhabited place of greater size, population, or importance than a town or village
1) areal extent and population
2) codified laws, public arch.
3) residence is not kin based

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Mesopotamian Cities

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Bulk is in modern day iraq between tigris and euphrates
1) Eridu (5400 BC)
2) Uruk (3600 BC)
3) Ur (5000-400 BC)

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Define "tell"

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a "tell" is a mound built up over the years by cultural materials
(Eridu Public structure)

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Eridu (5400 BC)

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City where the focus of the layout was large central public structure
1) Showed an ability to create public Arch.
2) elites closest, then craftsmen, then farmers far out
3) Beginning of social differentiation

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Uruk (3600 BC)

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1) first example of true city/urbanism
2) 50,000-80,000 residents
3) "Legend of Gilgamesh" capital
4) Growth in the Early Dynastic Period

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Ur (5000-400 BC)

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1) Clear social hierarchy
2) Ziggarats, public buildings in large complex
3) regular peeps outside the wall, elites in
4) Burials support the differentiation

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Location of the city where there are 16 royal tombs where all but 2 were looted

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Ur

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Difference between upper and lower Egypt

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Upper is south and lower is north by meditteranean... based on flow of the nile

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Differences in writing between Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

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Egypt wrote with brushes on papyrus developed from reeds
Mesopotamians imprinted clay

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Ancient Egypt timeline (7 eras)

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1) Predynastic (4500-3000 BC)
2) Dynastic (3000-2613 BC UNification)
3) Old Kingdom (Most Pyramids Built, Series of powerful rulers)
4) 1st Intermediate (foreigners)
5) Middle Kingdom (new king, few pyramids)
6) 2nd Intermediate
7) New Kingdom (1550-1086 No pryamids)

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The 5 Old kingdom Pyramids

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1) Saqqara (1st)
2) Meidum
3) Bent Pyramid
4) Pyramids of Giza
5) Great Pyramid

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Saqqara

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1) 1st Pyramid
2) made of limestone in a step shape (not smooth)
3) Pharoah's begin to say they are deitys
4) kings prepare for death as soon as they come into power

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Bent Pyramid

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1) Built for Sneferu, 332 ft. tall

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Pyramids of Giza

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Known as the "three Kings"
1) Khufu (largest ever constructed, 482 ft)
2) Khafre (sphinx is out front)
3) Menkarare (smallest 218)

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Characteristics of Middle Kingdom Burials

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1) Mortuary temples
2) Not as much wealth
3) Tombs that extended into rock

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"Valley of the Kings and Queens"

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Egyptian Middle Kingdom burial site... dug into rock hidden away