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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explaining Change : Culture Change Give an example |
Talking about broad development in social, economic, and religious organization as well as changes in technology. Mobile hunters change to farmers. |
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Change in one aspect of culture
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affects all other aspects to some degree. Change comes in package |
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Early archeologists explained culture change as ... either one or the other.. What was ignored ? |
a contact between culture that caused change. Change of region that causes change. Internal cultural development ignored . |
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Explaining culture change from outside forces. |
-Cultures that come into contact with others tend to change predictably. -Changes to adopt technology are the fastest -Changes in politics and economic systems tend to follow later |
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Migrationist |
Change in culture is the result of people from a neighboring region moving to another. As people move, their culture moves as well. |
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When people settle in new regions.. |
they influence the existing culture. |
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Diffusionist |
Culture change by movement of ideas or material culture. Change by influence from outside |
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Reasons for migrations include? |
territorial, expansion, and colonialism. or differences in social complexity btwn cultures in contact can dictate which society changes and to what degree. |
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Which society changes the least? |
the most complex one . |
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Most visible ways that culture changes are a result of migration through conquest. |
Can be seen by: -evidence of warfare -evidence of regime change -Massive amounts of culture change in short time |
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Contact with and migrations from one region to the next has significant impact where? |
on archeological record.
-large surveys that identify ethnic barrios -when objects with a foreign style suddenly appear -imitation, where a culture copies the art style |
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talud-tablero |
pottery from mesoamerica |
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Migrationist and diffusionist explanations are useful but.. |
Used by people to glorify one culture at the expense of another. EX: moundbuilders, olmec, and Egyptian pyramids. |
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Processual approach (new archeology) |
Looking for internal causes for culture change (by radiocarbon-dating) . Helped to show cultural developments in many parts of the world that doesn't fit diffusionist/ migrationist model. |
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Marxist archeology |
Control vs. no control. Contradictions within a society, btwn the forces of production and social organization. Good for looking at chiefdoms. Requires systemic oppression to be observed. |
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Evolutionary archeology |
How changes within culture are adaptive and selected for over time, with changes that benefit individuals or groups within a society being promoted over time. |
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Processual approach |
monocausal and multivariate explanations |
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Monocausal explanations, for culture change |
emphasize the importance of a single factor in influencing culture change.Suggests other causes were minimal in importance
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The hydraulic hypothesis |
suggest that control of the flow of water in the form of irrigation provided a reliable foundation for agriculture and provided opportunities for managers of hydraulic projects to develop roles of political authority. Individuals who control or manage water are seen as religiously or politically powerful people. |
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institution |
segment of a beaurcracy that maintains and controls. |
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Internal conflict |
Conflicts between rival classes promotes increasing social complexity. Desire to control and maintain wealth leads to a state. |
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Warfare |
Conflicts between groups requires more organization in order to effectively fight to control resources. War-based organization leads to the state. |
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Population Growth |
Landscapes can only support so many people(carrying capacity) w/o modification. As populations grow, more and more modification is needed, and this population growth leads to the organization we see in early states. |
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Most of the time culture change is the result of |
several factors acting in unison. |
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Multivariate explanations for culture change |
recognizes several factos acting in unison EX: Classic maya |
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How was the collapse of MAYA multivariate |
- Heavy reliance on one food source -increasing demand of a growing elite portion of the population who don't farm -growing population in circumscribed environment -internal political factoring among competing lineages -long period of drought |
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During the Maya period, as demand for land increased... |
people were forced to farm on land they ordinarily wouldn't |
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The presence of ancient fields on lands that are not ideal ..... |
for farming suggests stress and instability. |
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As demands by the elites for labor and goods began to go unfulfilled ... |
contraction projects suffered |
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Processual explanations of culture change tend to |
stress or include changes in the interaction between humans and the environment. New adaptions to the world around them creates opportunities or constraints that help direct culture change |
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Cognitive archeology stresses? |
stresses the cognitive and symbolic aspects of society |
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cognitive archeology recognizes that religion, art and how humans think of themselves and their place in the world can have significant impacts on? |
culture change
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how people perceive the world... |
shows how people will react, promote, spread culture change |
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Agency archeology focuses on? |
the role of specific individuals in promoting and guiding culture change. |
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How individuals promote change and how individuals react to changes can do what? |
can have a significant impact on the society as a whole. |
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Understanding motivations and how ideas go from one person to society as a whole ... |
can be very informative |
