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63 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Looting and Archeology |
Early archeology was driven by a desire to collect fancy things(loot) with little concern given to the objects to understand past culture. |
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Cultural patrimony |
Idea that artifacts from a country belong to that country and that culture should be protected |
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Modern archeologists excavate ... |
following international, national, state, and local laws concerning the excavation and curation of archaeological material. |
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Excavating artifacts for future sale, or for removal to another country is .. |
strictly forbidden by international law. |
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(T/F) Looters are often caught |
False, it is very rare, punishment is focused on selling and buying |
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What is considered unethical about conducting research ? |
not telling anyone about it. Local, state, and federal laws stipulate that archaeologists share their results.
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Original research done by archaeologists are always.. |
interpreted, commented upon and used by non-archaeologists. |
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How archeological info is used by the public tends to |
differ from the original intent of the archaeologist |
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Nationalism .. |
is a common idea that appropriates archaeological info. |
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Claims or links to the past are often used for what ? |
To legitimize or support political or religious claims in the present |
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(T/F) Symbols and ideas from the past can be owned by those in the present |
True |
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What is an example of interactions btwn archaeology and the public ? |
Adoption of Philip Macedon's Star. The tomb and its imagery have been appropriated by diff governments to serve different purposes.
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Adoption of Philip Macedon's star is used by ? as? |
Most recently, the symbol was used by Yugoslav as a national symbol, appearing on currency and their flag.
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Archaeology and evidence from the past is also used to? |
bolster religious claims |
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Example of archaeology used to bolster religious claims |
Destruction of the Buddhas at Bamiyan , Afghanistan, dating to around the 3rd century AD. The piece was destroyed in 2001 b/c it violated Taliban's beliefs regarding religious images. |
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Museums and the return of cultural property |
Many museums and private individuals have artifacts that were acquired illegally or without permission of the cultures they represent. |
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Ex if British imperialism |
The Elgin Marbles of British Museum. Given by Ottoman(then in control of Greece)to Britain. Greece now wants it back, but Britain doesn't want to give it back. |
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Reasons why British feel they should keep the marbles |
-They paid for it legally -Safer guarded in the museum, that is better funded, and curated better - Argument that they don't want the other Greek artifacts -Where to draw the line, it would be an empty museum if they gave everyone back everything |
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Why does Greece feel they should get back the marbles? |
CULTURAL PATRIMONY Ottoman has no authority, and it belongs to Greece. |
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Whether hose countries want artifacts that have been removed from their country reflects ? |
On the artifact's importance, value, and broader attempts of countries to assert national identity . |
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(T/F) Nearly all museums have artifacts that were removed from their country of origin prior to the establishment of modern laws regarding the trafficking of cultural objects. |
TRUE |
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Nearly all cultures show reverence for what? |
The graves of their cultures's ancestors . |
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In most places, are burials supposed to be excavated ? |
most burials are not to be excavated at any cost. |
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Why is excavating burials/graves such a hotly debated question? |
It is constantly debated whether the will of the descendants of those buried outweighs the scientific importance of the archeological material |
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In many cases of debates on excavation of burials, what most commonly happens? |
Commonly, claims by a culture of ancestry are debatable at best and may be nonexistent. Sometimes archeologists will end up in court or arguing to a hist gov in an attempt to be allowed to excavate burials . |
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In the US, archeological materials of religious nature (includes human burials and burial goods) are governed by? |
NAGPRA. The Native Americans Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.(1990) |
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NAGPRA states that |
Archeologists and museum curators must take note of all their inventory to make sure its not a grave good . |
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Under NAGPRA, archeologists and museums must (4 things) |
1) inventory their collection, paying close attention to burial related artifacts 2) Repatriate items to most likely descendants of group those artifacts came from 3) Include representatives from appropriate groups during excavations, esp for uncovering burials /religious artifacts 4) Consult with these groups when artifacts are found, following their wishes regarding whether to remove them or not . |
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Who is the public face of archaeology? |
Cultural Resource Management (CRM) |
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CRM comprises |
vast majority of archaeology conducted in the US |
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(T/F) Federal and state guidelines governing the conduct of archeologists (such as NAGRA) do not usually impact CRM firms. |
False, they most commonly impact CRM firms . |
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CRMS is defined as : |
A complex of laws, regulations, and professional practice designed to manage historic building and sites, cultural landscapes, and other cultural and historic places. |
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CAN CRM archeology can be considered an outgrowth of several pieces of legislation? |
yes |
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In the 1960's, what 2 pieces of legislation created the need for CRM? |
1) National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 2) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |
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The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was written to? |
Provide federal assistance to states, local agencies, and the public in the protection and preservation of the nation's cultural heritage. |
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The national historic preservation act was a recognition that |
preservation efforts at the local and state levels were not working, and that archeological and historic sites were being lost and damaged due to the expansion of roads, land development, and growth of urban areas. |
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The national environmental policy act created ? |
The environmental protection agency |
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National environmental policy act requires that people who plan on interacting with their environment |
must write a report. |
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What does CRM legislation require? |
The person or agency planning a project that will interact with the environment must hire outside consultant to prepare an environment impact report (EIR) |
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EIR quantifies |
The expected environment impacts of the project, proposes alternatives to avoid environmental impacts and quantifies the effects of those alternatives. |
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EIR must include an assessment that states: |
-What cultural resources (if any) are on the property -Importance of resources -Recommendations to mitigate the impact. |
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When a land developer or other agency is required to file a EIR/ EIS , |
they make public their need for a CRM firm |
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Estimates for an EIR are based on |
preliminary reviews of archaeological literature. -Have nearby surveys uncovered any cultural resources? -Have there been archeological surveys on the property before? - What is the overall likelihood that cultural resources will be found? |
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CRM archeology (phase 1) |
Surveys are done for every CRM project and may be all that is done prior to development. |
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The land developer then selects a bid, |
and the CRM firm begins housing on the project. The bid agrees to a general timeframe to complete the project. If cultural resources are found, CRM firm needs more time. |
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literature& discovery and excavation have how many contracts ? |
literature and discovery has one contract excavation requires another contract |
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After a review of the literature, |
the CRM firm decides on a survey method |
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Goal of the CRM firms |
to have a representative sample the property and develop with as little excavation as possible. |
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Firms tend to care more about? |
money than preserving artifacts and culture. To get the bids, they must develop in a short amount of time and use the least amount of money. Doing the minimum work as an archeologist |
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Phase 2 |
Portions of the property are selected for excavation. CRM tends to use shovel test pits on surface surveys. |
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are shovel test pits a good excavation method ? |
no because it ruins context. Quick and dirty method. Association, provenance, gets ruined.
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if phase 2 reveals significant cultural resources? |
the CRM firm will recommend more intensive excavation and the suspension or cancellation of the land development project. |
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often land developers don't want to hear of extended excavations by CRM firms so they do what? |
appeal to state and federal agencies to prevent any delays or changes to their plan.
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phase 3 projects involve |
the curation and protection of cultural resources |
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the goal of most phase 3 projects is to ? |
mitigate or lessen the impact of the planned development on the cultural resources there
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Phase 3 projects are rare in CRM |
CRM firms usually determine that there are very few cultural resources on a property or that the damage to those resources by development minimal |
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Regardless of whether it is phase 1, phase 2, or phase 3 |
a report is written by the CRM firm that summarizes what they did and what they found. They will also make recommendations about future research and the value of the cultural resources. |
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The report is then given to the developer, the property owner, and the state and federal agencies and becomes part of ? |
the larger EIR/EIS required by law |
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CRM Archeology and the Public |
CRM archeologists are torn btwn their responsibility as archeologists to faithfully document and assess cultural resources and a property and the reality that if they fully investigate every site, they may not be hired in the future. |
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To get more contracts, the CRM minimize their assessments of cultural resources by: |
choosing not to excavate when they probably should. minimizing the importance of what they find |
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future trends in archeology |
non invasive techniques (groundpentrating radar). Survey sites prior to excavations GID will be used to look for spatial trends in their data. |
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Geographic information system |
useful in examining relationships btwn cultures and the environment |
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Dating of archaeological material will be more precise and require less material from archaeologists using ? |
AMS (accelerated mass spectrometry. form of radiocarbon dating. |
