Archean Eon Keywords

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vTransformation

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- Bacteria absorbing free floating DNA fragments and potentially integrating them with their own genome
- Genetic alteration of cell resulting from uptake incorporation and expression of genetic material that was taken up through cell walls

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Transduction

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- Caused by bacteriophages (viruses that target bacteria)
- Virus being made in bacteria gets some bacterial DNA in its protein capsid
- This DNA is transferred to another bacterium when the virus breaks free and inserts the DNA into a different bacterial cell
- Transfer of bacterial genome through bacteriophage vector

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Reduced

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- When a molecule has gained an electron (reduction is the increase in electrons)
- Half of a Redox reaction, always found in the presence of an oxidation
- Oxygen is reduced in the respiratory breakdown of glucose

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Plasmid

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- Small Ring of DNA found in many prokaryotes
- Generally contain genes for non essential but beneficial functions such as antibiotic resistance
- Replicate independently from cells chromosome
- Can be transferred from one prokaryotic cell to another, even cells of different species
- Can have the ability to incorporate themselves into the bacterial genome

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Phototrophs

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- Autotroph that uses sunlight as its energy source and CO2 as its carbon source for making ATP

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Photosynthesis

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- mode of production of ATP using sunlight as the energy source

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Photoheterotrophs

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- Organisms that use light as an energy source and obtain carbon from organic molecules to make energy

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Peptidoglycan

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- A polymer of sugars and amino acids which form linear chains
- Peptide cross linkages give cell wall strength and rigidity
- Penicillin prevents the formation of these cross linkages

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Pathogen

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- Disease causing microorganism

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Oxidized:

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- When a molecule has lost an electron (oxidization is the loss of electrons)
- Half of a redox reaction, always found in the presence of a reduction
- Refers to the fact that many reactions in which electrons are removed from fuel molecules involve oxygen as the atom that accepts the electrons

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Nucleoid:

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- Central region of prokaryotic cell where DNA is localized
- No boundary membrane separates it from the rest of the cytoplasm
- DNA replication and RNA transcription occur here

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Nitrogen fixation

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- The process prokaryotes use to break the strong bonds of N2 and convert it into other forms
- The conversion process goes from nitrogen gas to ammonia then to ammonium which prokaryote cells use to make amino acids and nucleic acids
- This is the only method of replenishing the nitrogen sources used by most organisms

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Heterotroph

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- Organisms that needs to get their carbon from previously made organic chemicals

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Gram-positive

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- Classification of bacteria that stain distinctly because of its thick exterior peptidoglycan layer
- Outer peptidoglycan layer is the part of bacteria that is sensitive to penicillin

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Gram-negative

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- Classification of Bacteria that stains distinctly because of the structure: thin layer of peptidoglycan outside the plasma membrane, with an outer membrane external to the peptidoglycan layer
- Outer membrane protects it from many harmful substances in the environment including penicillin
- Outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which makes it very different from plasma membrane

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Fermentation

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- Consumes NADH generated by glycolysis to keep cystolic NAD levels high so glycolysis can continue
- Occurs when there is not enough oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation
- There are two types of fermentation: lactate and alcohol

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Extremophiles

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- Archea that live in extreme conditions such as hydrothermal vents and the ocean floor
- Able to survive because of their extremely stable

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Electron transport chain

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- Electrons flow through a series of proton pumps and build a proton gradient across a membrane
- Final part of cellular respiration that synthesizes ATP using energy created by protons moving across a energy favorable gradient
- High energy electrons come from NADH synthesized by glycolysis and citric acid cycle and are finally oxidized by oxygen and become water

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Electron receptor

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- Oxidizing agent that is in the process reduced
- Final oxidizing agent in the ETC is oxygen

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Electron donor

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- Reducing agent that is in the process oxidized

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Cyanobacteria:

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- First organisms to harness electrons from water by oxidization (oxygenic photosynthesis) release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis
- Gram negative autotrophs that are blue- green in colour
- Use the same cholorphyll pigments as eukaryotic algae and plants

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Conjugation

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- Exchange of genetic information involving plasmid and occasionally part of the bacterial genome
- Exchange through pilli as cytoplasmic connection
- Method of antibiotic resistances transfer through pathogenic bacteria

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Chemoorganotrophs

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- Organisms that use organic molecules as sources of carbon and CO2 as their source of carbon

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Chemoorganoheterotrophs

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- Organisms that use organic molecules as both sources of NRG and carbon
- Examples are animals and fungi

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Chemolithotrophs

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- Oxidize inorganic substances for an NRG source
- Use CO2 for their source of carbon

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Chemolithotrophic heterotrophs

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- Oxidize substances such as hydrogen, iron, sulphur, ammonia and nitrates as an energy source
- They use organic compounds for their carbon source

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Cellular respiration

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- the process by which ATP is produced using the potential energy from food molecules
- Three stages of cellular respiration are Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle and the electron transfer system which leads to oxidative phosphorylation
- Occurs in all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes

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Binary fission

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- Most common form of reproduction in bacteria
- Asexual mode of reproduction
- Bacterial cell divides after making copies of its genome

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Bacteria (Eubacteria)

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- Prokaryotic organisms that have inhabited the world the longest
- Use a large variety of metabolic strategies
- Have round DNA located in the nucleoid region
- Have plasmid as extra DNA

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Autotroph

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- An organism that produces its own food using CO2 and other simple inorganic compounds
- Energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic or organic substances is required

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ATP sythetase (synthase)

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- Membrane-spanning protein complex, molecular motor that spins as protons move through the channel synthesizing ATP
- transports protons across an energetically favorable membrane to synthesize ATP
- performs oxidative phosphorylation or the catalysis of ATP synthesis

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Archaea

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- Domain of prokaryotes
- First found in extreme environments such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents, the ocean floor and salt lakes (called extremophiles)
- Share some cellular features with bacteria some with eukaryotes and some are unique

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Anaerobic:

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- Type of bacteria that that does not use O2 as their final electron acceptor (anaerobic respiration)
- Instead use metals , nitrate or sulphate as final electron acceptors
- Obligate anaerobes can’t survive in the presence of oxygen

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Aerobic:

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- Bacteria that uses a type of respiration that uses O2 as the final electron acceptor (aerobic respiration)
- Allows for greater amount of energy from food molecules than anaerobic respiration
- Obligate aerobe can’t survive without oxygen