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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anthropology
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the comparative study of human behavior
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archaeology
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the study of human cultures through surviving material remains.
logos= study archaios= ancient key words: ancient humans culture material remains excavation |
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culture
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learned human behaviors, values, and beliefs; generally shared by members of a society
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material culture
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the physical products of culture (art, houses, religious symbols, etc)
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observation
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noticing something factual
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inference
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a conclusion based on observation
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hypothesis
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an educated guess, CAN BE TESTED FURTHER
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excavation
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the digging up and recording of buried materials from the past
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artifact
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a man-made/influenced portable object that is found
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feature
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not portable "artifacts" (buildings, pits/ditches, etc.)
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site
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the accumulation of artifacts and features at a place where people lived or worked
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context
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associations; position of archaeological materials in time and space; essential for the meaningful interpretation of artifacts
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stratum
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a distinct layer or soil or debris
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stratigraphy
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the order of succession of layers of an archaeological site
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Law of Superposition
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the lowest layer is oldest, the topmost is the most recent
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stratified site
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site made up of several layers
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one-layer or one-period site
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site created by the behavior of humans during only one period, creating only one clear layer
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chronology
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the study of sequences of (linear) time and the subdivision of time into periods
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relative dating
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the dating of stratified materials based on their position relative to other materials found in the same layer or a similar layer elsewhere
leads to statement= X object is earlier than Y object |
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absolute dating
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assigning calendar year dates or ranges of dates to material culture or historical events
leads to statement= X object dates to 450 BCE or between 450-425 BCE. |
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organic
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(once living) remains survive well only if protected. organic remains turn to dirt easily
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inorganic
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(never living) remains survive better but can also break down when exposed to the elements, be stolen and re-used, and turn to rubble and dirt.
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conditions that DAMAGE
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tropical (rainforests)
acid soil sand storms moisture/rain plant growth |
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conditions that PRESERVE
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hot or dry
airless waterlogged (lakes, bogs) very cold/frozen sealed in volcanic ash |
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how do things get destroyed?
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- natural (earthquake, floods) or human (war, pollution) disasters
- poor climate conditions - human and animal action (graffiti, theft) - rebuilding, urban development, reuse - abandonment: ends up falling down or theft or wearing away - intentional burial (tomb) |
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what types of things tend to survive best?
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features that are high up, large, of solid inorganic materials, and are culturally important.
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example of organic materials
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bones
teeth leather textiles wood |
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example of inorganic materials
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clay
stone metal plastic glass |
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balk
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when a horse or dog stops walking and pushes back
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Ways to Find Sites
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Survey
Aerial View (satellites, planes) Detectors (metal, magnometer, sonar) Erosion/Earthquakes (brings up to surface) Accident |
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Tut lived...
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1370 - 1352 BC
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Tut's tomb was discovered..
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1922
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How long did it take to empty Tut's tomb?
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10 years
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Who's tomb was on top of Tut's?
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Ramses VI
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Who found Tut's tomb?
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Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon
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2 ways of excavation
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1. removing layers one at a time
2. vertical |
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excavation specialists
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soil analysts
geologists people who specialize in dating techniques programming specialists photographers artists |
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Starting a Dig
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datum point- a spot or object which is used as reference for the exact vertical and horizontal locations.
areas are divided remove the topsoil |
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Recording
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diggers enter their data into computers.
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Sieving the Soil
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soil which is swept up during excavation is taken away and sieved, so small artifacts or bones that were missed can be found.
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Processing Excavated info
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artifacts are taekn to a lab and sorted.
special analysts determine information about everything |
