Archaeology Test 2 - Part 2

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external evidence

Back 1

ethnographic observation/experimentation with plant-processing activities to an examination of the archaeological remains and contexts

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internal analysis

Back 2

focusing almost exclusively on archaeological data

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wide

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it is desirable to take samples of crop remains from ______ areas

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proof of human processing of bones

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cut marks, artificial concentrations of bones in particular places, burning of bones

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diaphysis

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in young mammals most bone growth takes place at the ends of the bone shaft (___________) and the articular surfaces of the bones are joined only by cartilage

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bones and teeth

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most abundant kind of animal remains found on sites

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skin or fleece

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very occasionally survive archaeologically i.e. wool/hair in wild v. domesticated sheep

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assessing diet from human remains

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stomach contents, fecal material

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quarries

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archaeologist is often aided in making technological reconstructions by unfinished objects or abandoned stones i.e. Easter Island

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primary flakes

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first flakes struck off

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cortex

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outer surface

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Oldowan, Acheulian, Mousterian, Gravettian

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tool technologies, in order of length of cutting edge produced

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Microwear Studies

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Sergei Semenov; Keely - established a reference collection with which wear on ancient tools could be compared

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variability

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________ of pottery production is why pottery is valuable to archaeology

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methods for pots

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coiled, handmade, wheel made

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styles of pottery

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molded decoration, incised or corded decoration, painting, glazes , and other surface treatments

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firing

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surface colors and treatments sometimes reveal ______ technologies

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Bronislaw Malinowski

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Papua New Guinea; lived there and studied them

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Kula

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a gift-based way of moving things around

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Marcel Mauss

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wrote "The Gift" 1925; explored religious, legal, econ, mythological, and other aspects of giving, receiving, and repaying in diff. cultures...... potlatches-people would bankrupt themselves to outdo their rivals in giftgivin

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Polanyi

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theorized 3 types of exchange 1. Reciprocity 2. Redistribution 3. market exchange

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wealth

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the fairly common discovery of large hoards of metal artifacts indicates the widespread function of metal as a store of ________ throughout Europe and Asia

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common transactions

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the value of metals made them poorly suited for ________ ____________

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Lydians

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world's first true coinage done by _________ 650-600 BC

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coinage

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originally a means of assuring purity of metal content by the stamp of authority

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Roman coinage

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first fully developed system of coinage and first true market-based economy; 250 BC-AD 200

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Uluburun shipwreck

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objects found in the ship suggest where the ship had been, but little about the exchange system

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last glacial period

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occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene, approx 110k to 10k years ago. effects - much land was cold, dry, uninhabitable , reduced vegetation

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last glacial period

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occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene, approx 110k to 10k years ago. effects - much land was cold, dry, uninhabitable , reduced vegetation

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Pleistocene-Holocene transition

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dramatic climatic changes which resulted in extinctions as well as fundamental reorganization of ecological communities some 13,000 years ago. It was during this period that the vast region recognized today as the Great Plains developed. Expansion of grassland dominated environments and rapid increase in bison populations, filling the niche left by the extinction of other grazing herbivores such as mammoth, horses, and camels, set the stage for the first human groups to utilize the Plains environment.

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interglacial period

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geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age

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foraminifera

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can also be utilised in archaeology in the provenancing of some stone raw material types. Some stone types, such as limestone, are commonly found to contain fossilised Foraminifera. The types and concentrations of these fossils within a sample of stone can be used to match that sample to a source known to contain the same "fossil signature"

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methods for knowing what people ate

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isotopic analysis, plant evidence from literate societies, bone assemblages, stomach contents, tooth wear and decay

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wood carvings, textiles, basketry

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survive in very dry or wet conditions; richest New World evidence - Peruvian textiles

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pottery

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came about when people began to live more sedentary lifestyles

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faience

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"pre-glass"; made by coating a core material of powdered quartz wit ha vitreous alkaline glaze - archae importance: evidence it can provide for the source of particular beads

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Mesopotamia

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2500 BC in ___________, made first beads of real glass

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copper

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most important non-ferrous metal

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shaping native copper

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native copper (found in nature) - hammered, cut, polished - used much in "old copper" culture in northern u.s. and canada

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Annealing native copper

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"annealing" - process of heating and hammering the metal

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alloying

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bronze/tin-bronze -> harder than copper and less brittle...weapon production

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molds

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______ for metallurgy can yield much useful information

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cupellation

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silver extraction

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trace elements

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elements present only in very small quantities measured in just a few parts per million

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Neutron Activation Analysis

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obsidian, pottery, metals; depends on the trasnmutation of the nuclei of the atoms of a sample's various elements by bombarding them with slow thermal neutrons, leading to production of radioactive isotopes

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trend surface analysis

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to highlight the main features of a distr. by smoothing over some of the local irregularities

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fall-off analysis

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quantity of a traded material usually declines as distance from source increases

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interaction spheres

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competition, competitive emulation, transmission of innovation, symbolic entrainment, ceremonial exchange of valuables, flow of commodities, lang and ethnicity

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symbolic entrainment

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a tendency for the symbolic systems in use to converge

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common language

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most effective mode of interaction is a ________ _____________

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ceramic petrography

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study of archaeological ceramics, or potsherds, in terms of their mineralogical content

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lead isotope analysis

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identification of isotopic signature, the distribution of certain stable isotopes and chemical elements within chemical compounds; uses - reconstructing diet, sourcing archae materials

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Marcel Mauss

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"The Gift" 1925. in a range of societies, especially those lacking monetary system, gift exchange was the fabric of social relations... gift DOES NOT equal payment. gift was a gesture and a bond

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Malinowski

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"Kula". reciprocal exchange of valuables - they cemented relationships. Melanesian islands

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reciprocity

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Polanyi; exchanges that take place between individuals who are symmetrically placed (positive, balanced, negative)

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redistribution

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Polanyi; the operation of some central organizaiton; goods are sent to this organizing center, or at least are appropriated by it, and are then redistributed by it - a form of internal exchange

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market exchange

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Polanyi; both a specific central location for transactions and social relationships