Archaeology Test #2

Front 1

Classification

Back 1

the placement of materials into caegories that can be used for identification and comparison--based on form and assumed function

Front 2

typology

Back 2

the classification of materials based on morphology

Front 3

morphology

Back 3

the form or ppearance of an archaeological object (artifact, features)

Front 4

attributes

Back 4

descriptive aspects of an artifact or site, such as its size, content, material, or shape

Front 5

quantitative attributes

Back 5

measurable features such as length, width, number of threads per inch on textiles, etc

Front 6

qualitative attributes

Back 6

descriptive characteristics such as projectile point, material type, feature type, etc

Front 7

style

Back 7

a particular and distinctive form of an object or the way in which something is made

Front 8

temporal types

Back 8

artifacts or features of known age that can be used to date associate materials or activities... technologies and preferences change over time leading to different temporal markers, can be used for dating, does not work well with artifacts which change little over time

Front 9

assemblage

Back 9

the materials, both artifacts and ecofacts, collected from a site and representing all of th eevidence of the activities at a site... classified for purposes of site-to-site comparison, reveals general similarities and differences

Front 10

groundstone

Back 10

tools used primarily for grinding, smashing, or crushing various plant, animal, and mineral resources

Front 11

classifying types of artifacts

Back 11

stone tools, ceramics, metal, glass

Front 12

flaked stone

Back 12

tools manufacturered by chipping off peices of stone

Front 13

cores

Back 13

stone from which flakes were struck

Front 14

flakes

Back 14

stone peices

Front 15

utilized flakes

Back 15

flakes used as is

Front 16

biface

Back 16

tools flaked on both sides

Front 17

uniface

Back 17

tools flaked on only one side

Front 18

blades

Back 18

flakes manufactured in particular shapes and sizes

Front 19

ceramics

Back 19

objects made from clay and other inorganic materials typically fired at temps above 1100 degree F, usually containers, a good dating tool

Front 20

ceramic types

Back 20

terra-cotta, earthenware, stoneware, porcelain

Front 21

terra-cotta

Back 21

made from coarse clays, fired at lower temps (bricks, tile, flower pots)

Front 22

earthenware

Back 22

from coarse clays, fired at higher temps (pottery)

Front 23

stoneware

Back 23

from finer clays, fired at higher temps

Front 24

porcelain

Back 24

fine clays fired at higher temps, completely vitrified (glassy, materials melt together), "china"

Front 25

metal

Back 25

any of a category of electropositive elements that usually have a shiny surface, are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, and can be melted or fused, hammered into thin sheets, or drawn into wires

Front 26

smelt

Back 26

to melt of ruse in order to separate the metallic constituents (copper, silver iron, lead), done to impure metals to remove the impurities

Front 27

alloys

Back 27

combinging metals to produce a new material
IE brass = copper + zinc,
bronze = copper + tin/arsenic

Front 28

metallurgy

Back 28

the science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores, purifying and lloying metals and creating useful objects from metals

Front 29

glass

Back 29

produced by melting sand (silica) at high temps and allowing to cool quickly

Front 30

radiometric techniques

Back 30

dating methods based on principles of atomic decay

Front 31

parent/daughter elements

Back 31

radioactive isotapes decay into daughter elements

Front 32

rate of decay

Back 32

known rates of decay and accurate parent/daughter ratio measurements (half-life)

Front 33

radiocarbon dating

Back 33

most common radiometric dating technique, works with organic materials

Front 34

a number of principal isotopes of carbon occur naturally... how many and what are they?

Back 34

3... C12, C13, C14

Front 35

what is the half life for radiocarbon dating?

Back 35

5,700

Front 36

the _____ clock starts when an organism ______

Back 36

atomic, dies

Front 37

after (#) generations of decay, there is too little left to accurately measure halflife

Back 37

10

Front 38

potassium argon dating

Back 38

K40 decays into Argon and Calcium, the age of a rock can be determined by comparing the Argon gas to the K40

Front 39

what is half life for potassium argon dating?

Back 39

about 1.3 billion years

Front 40

uranium dating

Back 40

applicable only to limestone cave deposits, U238 decays into Thorium

Front 41

what is the halflife for uranium dating?

Back 41

4,470,000,000 years

Front 42

fission track dating

Back 42

baed on U238 decay in volcanic glass, manufactured glass, or ceramics

Front 43

terhmoluminescence

Back 43

crystalline minerals in ceramics trap energy in the form of electrons from decaying U238, 235, and Th232, heating the material releases the material int he form of measurable light

Front 44

electron spin resonance

Back 44

microwave radiation forces the trapped energy to vibrate and be measured, tooth enamel, bone, and calcite

Front 45

archaeomagnetism

Back 45

documented magnetic pole shifts, current pole position compared to positioin of iron particles in ecofacts, artifacts, and features

Front 46

obsidian hydration analysis

Back 46

obsidian absorbs moisture and forms bands, fresh flaked surface = new hydration front, band width = amount of time since flaking

Front 47

bioarchaeology

Back 47

studying and interpreting moral remains

Front 48

paleodemography

Back 48

the study of the composition of ancient populations

Front 49

preserving bodies

Back 49

frozen bodies, purposeful mummies, natural mummies

Front 50

frozen bodies

Back 50

freezing retards decay processes, found around the world

Front 51

purposeful mummies

Back 51

body is intentionally prepared/preserved, found in many parts of the world

Front 52

natural mummies

Back 52

not interntionally prepared/preserved, arid regions--body dries naturally, moist areas--chemical alterations tan the flesh

Front 53

skeletal remains are ___ common than preserved remains

Back 53

more

Front 54

osteology

Back 54

the study of bones

Front 55

inhumation

Back 55

formal internment, funerary objects, tombs and momuments

Front 56

secondary burials

Back 56

allow bodies to decompose/deflesh, relocation, sorting, ossuaries

Front 57

ossuaries

Back 57

boxes, caves, chambers

Front 58

cremation

Back 58

burning, difficult to study

Front 59

cremains

Back 59

burned human remains

Front 60

osteobiography

Back 60

a life story inferred from skeletal evidence: appearance, health, age, sex, characteristics in relation to population

Front 61

muscle attachments are ____ pronounces in men

Back 61

more

Front 62

forehead is more ____ in men

Back 62

slanted

Front 63

eye orbits are more ____ in men

Back 63

rounded

Front 64

chin is more ____ in men

Back 64

square

Front 65

brow ridges are more ___ in men

Back 65

pronounces

Front 66

pelvic outlet is more ___ in men

Back 66

narrow

Front 67

sacrum is more ___ in men

Back 67

small, narrow, curved

Front 68

metric skeletal traits

Back 68

average size of long bone

Front 69

nonmetric skeletal traits

Back 69

teeth

Front 70

pathologies determining nutrition, health, and disease

Back 70

antemortem or postmortem, trauma?, trephination... hole drilled in head, infectious disease, noninfectious disorders... cancer, tumors, osteoporosis

Front 71

harris lines

Back 71

lines on bones indicative of periouds of arrested growth, malnutrition

Front 72

there is more ___ in the bones for herbivores

Back 72

carbon

Front 73

there is more ___ in the bones for carnivores

Back 73

nitrogen

Front 74

kennewich man

Back 74

based on the Native American GravesProtection and Repatriation Act, five Native American groups claimed the remains as theirs, to be buried by traditional means

Front 75

human ecologgy

Back 75

the study of the relationship between humans and the environment

Front 76

julian steward

Back 76

cultural ecologist

Front 77

cultural ecology

Back 77

culture is a primary factor in adaptation to environment--similiar environments/adaptations, adaptations are short lived, result in changes in excisting culture or creat new ones

Front 78

biotic

Back 78

living organisms

Front 79

abiotic

Back 79

nonliving--air, water, soil, etc

Front 80

paleoenvironment

Back 80

environment of the prehistoric past

Front 81

habitat

Back 81

the geographic place where an organism lives

Front 82

niche

Back 82

the role an organism play sin its envrionment

Front 83

resource

Back 83

a commodity used by an organism

Front 84

carrying capacity

Back 84

the number of organisms an environment can support at any given time

Front 85

paleoecology

Back 85

the analysis of the relationship of past people to their environment--environmental resonstruction, what resources were available, technology, effect on culture, effect on environment

Front 86

geomorphology

Back 86

analysis of landform change over time--plate tecctonics, volcanoes, rivers, glaciers, lakes

Front 87

geoarchaeology

Back 87

analysis of how geological and geomorphogical processes affect archaeological sites over time

Front 88

palynology

Back 88

study of pollen

Front 89

phytoliths

Back 89

rigid microscopic silica body that occurs in many plants

Front 90

floral macrofossils

Back 90

charred seeds or other plant parts

Front 91

faunal remains

Back 91

can indicate vegetation near a site

Front 92

climate

Back 92

long term pattern of temp and precipitation for a region

Front 93

weather

Back 93

short term manifestation of temperature and precipitation

Front 94

paleoclimate

Back 94

long term patterns of past temperature and precipitation

Front 95

successful ___ allows an organism to survive and reproduce

Back 95

adaptation

Front 96

subsistence activities revolve around obtaining and processing the necessities of life

Back 96

food, shelter, fuel, raw materials

Front 97

there are three main elements of subsistence

Back 97

diet, technology, organization

Front 98

hunters and gatherers/foragers

Back 98

live predominantly from wild foods, plant foods are usually the mainstay

Front 99

horticulture

Back 99

low-intensity food production, small gardens, small numbers of domesticated animals

Front 100

pastoralism

Back 100

herding, breeding, consumption, and total exploitation of deomesticated animals, pastoral nomadism

Front 101

intensive agriculture

Back 101

large scale production of domestic plants and animals, animal labor, plows, irrigation, larger socieites

Front 102

indirect evidence/direct evidence

Back 102

ifyou have hundreds of deer bones, it's indirect evidence that they butchered and ate deer; if you have a diary that says they ate them, or a photograph of them eating them, it would be direct evidence

Front 103

zooarchaeology

Back 103

faunal remains

Front 104

paeleofeces

Back 104

direct evidence--f it came out, it had to go in, coprolites--found individually or in concentrations, fut contents--from intestinal tract, cess--privy deposits and remnants

Front 105

subsistence tehcnology

Back 105

informs us about how members of a group made their living

Front 106

subsistence organization

Back 106

the management and control of resources is reflected in certain political and organization structures

Front 107

NISP

Back 107

number of identified specimens, number of specimens collected

Front 108

MNI

Back 108

minimum number of individuals, number of abundant elements, IE if there are 12 right femurs, but 37 left femurs, you know there had to be a minimum of 37 individuals

Front 109

MNI does not equal _____

Back 109

relative contribution
IE 5 rodents and 1 deer is found--you can't assume that rodents made up the majority of their diet

Front 110

paleodemography

Back 110

the study of prehistoric populations--size, distribution, density, age, sex, mortality, fetility