Archaeology Of The Bible

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Ai

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Most likely et-Tell, 10 m NNE of Jerusalem, second town conquered by Joshua, the name means "ruin."

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Akhenaten

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New name of Amenhotep IV, means "Spendor of Aten"
New capital of Egypt under Akhenaten, means "Horizon of Aten," modern name Tell el-Armarna

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William Foxwell Albright

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American archaeologist, often called the "Father of Modern Archaeology"

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(el-) Armarna

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Tell site of the capital of Egypt under Akhenaten, many cuneiform tablets discovered here, known as the "Armarna Letters"

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Arad

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A large EB city in Negev of Judah, also fortified in the Iron Age, many ostraca found here

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Baal

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The name applied to various local "Canaanite" deities
Can also refer to Hadad, the storm god,the name means lord

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Bab edh-Dhra

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EB city East of the Dead Sea, has black pitchy substance on its surface, may be one of the "cities of the plain" in Genesis 14, perhaps gave rise to Solomon & Gomorrah story

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Balk

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The meter wide strip of earth left in-between excavated squares as means of "control" and walkway

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Beersheba

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Capital of the Negev, often used as the southern boundary of the land of Israel

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Broad Room

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A type of rectangular building typical of EB used for houses and temples, door on long or "broad" side

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Caleb

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A spy sent out in Canaan, had a opportunistic view of conquest

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Courtyard House

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The rooms around a courtyard

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Cuneiform

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A wedge-shaped Semitic writing characteristic of Mesopotamia

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Dan

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A town on the northern boundary of Israel, formerly Laish, includes LB remains
First complete mud brick gateway found

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William Dever

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American archaeologist, excavated Gezer and elsewhere, star of "The Big Dig"
Championed the new biblical archaeology

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Ebla

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Tell Mardikh in Syria, site where large cache of Early Bronze cunieform texts found
Artifacts show is was a commercial city and possibly the capitol of a Syrian empire

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Enuma Elish

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Babylonian story of creation, title means "When On High"

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Execration Texts

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Egyptian bowls or figurines with names of enemies and curses on them which were then smashed to magically break the powers of their enemies
Also infer rising urbanization in palestine

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Exodus

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Moses leading the Hebrews out of Egypt

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Fertile Crescent

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A semicircular region of fertility extending NW along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from the Persian Gulf to Syria, then SW through Phoenicia and Palestine to Egypt

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Fosse

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A type of Early Bronze fortification often used with a rampart, a ditch surrounding a site

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John Garstang

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Excavated Jericho in the 1930's and (erroneously) thought he had discovered the destroyed wall of "Joshua's Jericho"

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Gezer

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A city in N Shephelah, mention in 1 Kings 9:15 as one of the cities that Solomon fortified
Several large masseboth were discovered here arranged in a row, also gold pendants depicting goddesses

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Gilgal

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A shrine from the Israelites where they set up worship stone while camped out before conquest of Canaan

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Gilgamesh

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Priest-king of the First Dynasty of Uruk, hero of the Gilgamesh Epic

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Glacis

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Fortification made of layers of stones and beaten earth which gives tells their distinctive slope shape, developed to defend against Egyptian chariotry

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Nelson Gluek

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Surveyed the Negev and Transjordan in the 1930's and found what he believed to be a gap in settlement in those areas from 1900-1300 BCE because found no pottery
Believed this meant Exodus occurred after 1300

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Gomarrah

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One of the "cities of the plain" in Genesis 14, destroyed for its wickedness (abuse of hospitality), may be an etiology for the destroyed cities of Bab edh-Dhra and Numeireh

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Goshen

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Flat plain region in Upper Egypt where the Bible states the Hebrews settled

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Habiru/Apiru

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A term in the Armana letters used to refer to a group of people who were raiding towns and seizing land from established cities
Might mean hebrews

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Hammurapi's Code

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Law code in cuneinform (300 Laws)
1765 BCE in Mesopotamia
"if... then..." laws

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Hazor

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The largest "Canaanite" city, conquered by Joshua, mention in 1 Kings 9:15 as one of the cities Solomon fortified, called "the head of all those kingdoms" in Joshua 11:10

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Hebron

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A town in Hill country of Judah, location of the Cave of Machpelah, David's first capital

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Horeb

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A name used for the mountain where most got the Commandments

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Hyksos

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A group of NW Semitic people who ruled Egypt ca 1650-1550 BCE, name means "Shepherd Kings" or "Foreign Rulers"

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Jebel Musa

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The traditional site of Mt. Sinai, names means "Moses' Mountain"

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Jericho

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The town west of the Jordan River, oldest inhabited city, mention in OT & NT, first town the Hebrews destroy upon their entry into Canaan

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Jerusalem

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A city the Israelites both conquer and don't conquer, the capital of Judah

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Joshua

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The leader of the Hebrews after Moses, spies out Canaan and has optimistic report about conquest, roams around Palestine

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Kadesh-Barnea

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Focal point of the wilderness wandering period (springs), located on South border of the land, place where Miriam died, site of 2 Iron Age fortresses from 10th-6th century BCE

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Kathleen Kenyon

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British archaeologist who excavated Jericho in the 1950's and determined that there was no walled LB city, and the wall that Garstang had discovered was EB

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Manna

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Hebrew term meaning "What is it?!,"
Drops of insect secretions that harden an can be ground into a kind of flour for making bread

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Marduk

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The principal god of the city of Babylon, honored as the creator god in Enuma Elish

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Mari

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City located on Euphrates where huge palace is found demonstrating wealth and power of Mesopotamia kings

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Megiddo

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Major "Canaanite" city captured by Joshua, mention in 1 Kings 9:15 as one of the cities Solomon fortified, has remains of Early Bronze temple and altar
Taken over by Thutmose III

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Merneptah Stele

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Account of Merneptah's campaigns in Palenstine, ca 1220 BCE, mentions the destruction of "Israel"

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Mesopotamia

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The area on either side and between the Tigris and Euphrates river, between the Persian Gulf to the south and Syria to the north

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Moses

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Hebrew words for "son of"
Lead the Hebrews out of Egypt

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Numeireh

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EB city East of the Dead Sea, has black pitchy substance on its surface, may be one of the "cities of the plain" in Genesis 14, perhaps gave rise to Solomon & Gomorrah story

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Palestine

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Name applied to the land between the Jordan Valley and the Mediterranean Sea after the time of the Philistines, from whom the name derived

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Passover

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Jewish holiday that celebrates the deliverance from Egypt

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Pithom

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Storage city Israelites built of Egypt/ Pharaoh

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Rahab

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A prostitute that hides spies in Jericho from harm
Rewarded by not having house and mother's house destroyed

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Rampart

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A type of EB fortification often used with a fosse, a hill of earth surrounding a site

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Ramses II

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Pharaoh of Egypt ca 1290-1224 BCE
Pharaoh of the Exodus for Late Date

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Reed Sea

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The correct translation of Hebrew "Yam Suf," where the Hebrews cross the parted waters

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Shechem

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A city in the center of Palestine, occurs in the Patriarchal narratives as a non-Israelite city and in the book of Joshua as an Israelite tribal and religious center, massive MB city wall, LB temple

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Sinuhe

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Egyptian who travels/lives in palestine and want to go back to Egypt to die

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Sodom

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A city on SE boundary of Canaan where Lot settled, destroyed for its wickedness (abuse of hospitality), may be an etiology for the destroyed cities of Bab edh-Dhra and Numeireh

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Strata

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Plural of Stratum
an occupation layer with remains of ancient habitation in an ancient mound

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Tell

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A mound which contains remains of ancient habitation

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Thutmose III

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Pharaoh of Egypt ca 1490-1436 BCE
Pharaoh of the oppression (& when Moses kills the Egyptian) for Early Date

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Tiamet

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Salt water deity of Enuma Elish, defeated by Marduk and her body was split in half to form the waters above and the waters below

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Tower of Babel

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Babel = Babylon
assumed to be a ziggurat

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Ur

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The birthplace of Abram, traditionally Tell el-Muqayyar in SE Iraq, excavated y Sir Leonard Woolley, where he thought (erroneously) he had discovered evidence of the biblical flood

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Utnapishtim

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The "Babylon Noah," survivor of a great flood in the Gilgamesh Epic

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Leonard Woolley

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The excavator of Ur, erroneously thought he had found evidence of the flood

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Ziggurat

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The ancient Babylonian or Assyrian temple in the form of a step-pyramidal tower

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Amenhotep II

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The pharaoh of Egypt ca 1438-1412 BC, pharaoh of the Exodus for Early Date