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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 most common materials in organic artifacts
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bone, sinew, antler, hide, shell, wood, plant fiber
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4 methods of organic artifact manufacture
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broken, split, fractured, cut
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2 parts of hide processing
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scraping, tanning
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traditional methods of tanning use ___ or ____
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animal brains, urine
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wood, bone, and antler are often used as ___ or ____ tools
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processing, hunting
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shell is often used for ____ or _____
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decoration, tool for decoration
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4 processing tools
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flesher, antler tine pressure flaker, bison scapula hoe, awls
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sinew is used almost exclusively as ____and _____
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glue, binding
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do not owe form to human behaviors unless they are a byproduct
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ecofact
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what 2 methods are helpful in determining whether a bone is an artifact or ecofact?
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residue, use/wear analysis
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4 types of ecofacts
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floral, faunal, human remains, soils
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soils are also known as
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anthroseds
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the way in which humans interact with their environment to procure food and raw materials for basic needs
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subsistence
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ecofacts are often a result of ____
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subsistence
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3 research specialists in floral analysis
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paleobotanist, paleoethnobotanist, palynologist
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Studies ancient plant remains
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paleobotanist
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Studies ancient domesticated (human modified) plant species
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paleoethnobotanist
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Studies plant pollens
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palynologist
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4 types of floral evidence
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wood, seeds, nutshells, opal phytoliths
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Microscopic silica bodies formed naturally in living plants (distinctive shapes)
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opal phytoliths
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flora is stored in ____ and ____
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pits, jars
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flora is prepared in ____ and ____
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cooking pots, hearths
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flora is processed in ____
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grinding stones
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flora is disposed in ____ and ____
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middens, coprolites
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what is the major recovery method for larger plant remains?
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flotation
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A machine where soil samples from features are placed. Water comes up from beneath and floral remains are separated from the dirt and flow out into some sort of receptacle (screen or filter)
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float machine
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Mainly floral, out through spout
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light fraction
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On screen, mainly faunal/other
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heavy fraction
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Studies and analyzes the remains of animals from archaeological sites
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zooarchaeologist
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5 types of faunal evidence
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bone, teeth, shell, scales, hair
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what recovery method is used for small faunal remains
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float machine
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3 problems in floral/faunal ID
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determining human origin, counting, species ID
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______may add species into the sample that were not used or inflate counts of species present
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windblown pollens
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2 ways to count flora
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coprolites, artifacts associated
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Counts the number of representative elements (bone types), and then takes the largest count of an element class as the number of animals in the archaeological sample
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MNI
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_____ on bone fragments can lead to inflated counts since some fragments may be from the same bone element
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MNIs
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Study the biological nature of humans and their ancestors
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biological anthropology
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3 human remains specialists
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bioarchaeologists, physical anthropologists, forensic anthropologists
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Study human ancestors
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bioarchaeologists
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Study morphological and physical characteristics of humans
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physical anthropologists
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Study physical and biological characteristics of human remains recovered
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forensic anthropologists
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2 types of mummies
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intentional, natural
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what makes natural mummies?
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arid or anaerobic environments
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when is a mummy an artifact?
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if an indication of an activity, especially ritual behavior (human sacrifice, etc.)
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3 burial contexs
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mounds, cemetaries/tombs, ossuaries
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multiple human internments in same burial pit
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ossuary
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4 goals of skeletal analysis
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age/sex determination, nature of burial/disposal, health study, manner of death
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what 4 parts of the body does sex determination need?
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pelvis, skull, femur, teeth
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in what period can someone be aged?
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0-45
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when is sex determination impossible?
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prior to puberty
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if important bones are missing, how can sex be determined?
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robusticity
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an analysis of ratios of isotopes drawn through bone collagen
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stable isotope analysis
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2 ways to study diet
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physical markers on bones, stable isotope analysis
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3 types of stable isotope analysis
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carbon, nitrogen, stronium
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used primarily to document plant usage
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carbon stable isotope analysis
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Used to distinguish between marine and land resources
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nitrogen stable isotope analysis
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Used to distinguish between meat and plant diets
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strontium stable isotope analysis
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5 conditions that mark skeleton
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arthritis, combat traumas, tuberculosis, dental caries, poor nutrition
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Plant and animal remains
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ecofacts
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_____ studies figure out how plant and animal remains accumulate in archaeological sites
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taphonomic
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_____ processes critical to inferences based on plant and animal remains
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formation
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The animal bones found in an archaeological site
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archaeofauna
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2 major places where animal bones are found
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kill sites, camps/villages
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ID and interpretation of animal remains from an archaeological site
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faunal analysis
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An individual who studies the faunal remains recovered from archaeological sites
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zooarchaeologist/faunal analyst
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What did Spencer discover at Agate Basin?
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Spear points, bison bones
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What did Hill deduce about the Agate Basin site?
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said small group of Folsom hunters camped and killed bison and antelope, did not rely heavily on meat storage
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In faunal analysis, a specific skeletal part of the body (e.g., humerus, sternum).
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element
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In faunal analysis, the classification of a skeletal element to a taxonomic category (e.g., species, genus, family)
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taxon
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A categorization of faunal remains, not to taxon, but to one of 5 categories based on body size
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size classes
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A skeletal collection of modern fauna of both sexes and different ages used to ID archaeological fauna
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comparative bones
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3 ways to tell faunal remains were deposited by humans
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stone tool cut marks, burn marks, distinctive impact fractures
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how do you know remains were deposited during a certain occupation? (2 ways)
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remains not spread out, all bones equally weathered
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2 ways to count bones
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NISP, MNI
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NISP
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Number of identified specimens
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MNI
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Minimum number of individuals
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The raw number of IDed bones (specimens) per species
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NISP
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a largely outmoded way of comparing archaeological bone frequencies
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NISP
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Useful for comparing large numbers of collections from different sites
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NISP
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Hard to reconstruct human behavior using this bone-counting method
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NISP
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The smallest number of individuals necessary to account for all IDed bones
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MNI
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Easier with fine-grained assemblages
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MNI
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a site with no additional overlapping occupations
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fine-grained assemblage
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Best when fine stratigraphic divisions are used and when bones are not overly fragmented
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MNI
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Used by Hill at Agate Basin
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MNI
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The head, mandibles, vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, and tail of an animal skeleton
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axial skeleton
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All parts of an animal excluding the axial skeleton
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appendicular skeleton
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broken toes could indicate...
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...hard times
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An estimate of what part of the year a particular archaeological site was occupied
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seasonality
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how was seasonality determined at Agate Basin?
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teeth of young bison
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a ceremonial center in the Andes
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Chavin de Huantar
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What bone counting method was used at Chavin de Huantar
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MNI
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What kinds of animals were found at Chavin de Huantar
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domesticated camelids
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Native South American term for freeze-dried llama and alpaca meat
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Ch'arki
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When Ch'arki is present in the puna, there are less ___ and ____ bones
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head, foot
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when was ch'arki made in Chavin de Huantar?
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when herds were culled
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Native American term for the treeless, windswept tablelands and basins of the higher Andes
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puna
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An archaeologist who analyzes and interprets plant remains from archaeological sites in order to understand the past interactions between human populations and plants
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paleoethnobotanist
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when are plants preserved in humid climates?
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when burned and carbonized
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Nonmicroscopic plant remains recovered from an archaeological site
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macrobotanical remains
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The technique through which the fossil pollen grains and spores from archaeological sites are studied
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palynology
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Circular tube forced downward by mechanical drilling rig into a sediment record
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core sampling
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A chart showing the changing frequencies of different identified pollens through time from samples taken from archaeological or other sites
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pollen diagram
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Fluctuations in pollen percentages reflect...
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...changes in plant densities
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3 floral recovery/interpretation methods
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screening, flotation, paleoethnobotany
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The earliest well-established Native American culture, distributed through much of North America and dating 10,900 to 11,200 BC.
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Clovis
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Tiny silica particles contained in some plants. Sometimes these fragments can be recovered from archaeological sites, even after the plants themselves have decayed
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phytoliths
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Take the shape of the cells in which they were deposited
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phytoliths
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site seasonality is determined using _____ floral remains
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macrobotanical
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Rodents that build nests of organic materials and thus preserve a record, often for thousands of years, of changing plant species within the local area of the nest
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wood rats
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wood rat nests used to reconstruct _____and _____vegetational change
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Pleistocene, Holocene
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The post-Pleistocene geological epoch that began about 10,000 radiocarbon years ago and continues today
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Holocene
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Important for archaeologists to make economic interpretations of subsistence data in light of ______
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paleoenvironmental observations
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Coprolites at Hidden Cave showed that...
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...food was stored
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what food residues can be extracted from pottery?
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lipids
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Organic substances- including fats, oils, and waxes- that resist mixing with water; found in both plant and animal tissues
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lipids
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How are lipids IDed?
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ratio of C 12 and 13
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how people interact materially and symbolically with their environment
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postprocessual archaeology
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What was unique about wood at Mantaro Valley?
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it had a symbolic dimension
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Floods at _____ exposed sites and burials in the marsh
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Carson Desert
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_____ excavated 26CH1062
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Kelly
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The study of the human biological component evident in the archaeological record
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bioarchaeology
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____ was a bioarchaeologist working in Stillwater Marsh
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Larsen
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the study of bone
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osteology
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A set of human burials that come from a limited region and a limited time period. The more limited the region and the time period, the more accurate will be inferences drawn from analysis of the burials
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burial population
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Few grave goods means...
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can not use temporal types to place burials within archaeological phases
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A structure used by eastern North Americans to lay out the dead where the body would decompose. The bones would later be gathered and buried or cremated in a communal grave (bundle burial)
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charnel house
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Burial of a person’s bones, bundled together, after the flesh has been removed or allowed to decay off the bones
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bundle burial
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The angled edge of both halves of the posterior side of the pelvis; measurement of this angle is used to determine sex in human skeletons
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sciatic notch
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Teeth: Pattern and timing of ____ and ____ is consistent among human populations
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crown formation, tooth eruption
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The ends of bones that fuse to the main shaft or portion of bone at various ages; most bones are fused by age 25. This fact can be used to age skeletons of younger individuals
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epiphyses
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Where the two halves of the pelvis meet in the groin area; the appearance of its articulating surface can be used to age skeletons
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pubic symphysis
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3 methods to determine age
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teeth, bone fusion, bone wear
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4 ways to tell age based on teeth
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crown formation, eruption, wear, loss
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Larsen turned to ___ to determine quality of life at Stillwater
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paleopathology
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The study of ancient patterns of disease and disorders
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paleopathology
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Larson looked for 2 nonspecific stress indicators at Stillwater:
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nutritional deficiencies, nonspecific infectious disease
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nonspecific disease at Stillwater
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little, except for iron deficiency anemia
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Body _____ when iron is limited
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produces more red blood cells
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A symptom of iron deficiency anemia in which the skull takes on a porous appearance
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porotic hyperostosis
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A symptom of iron deficiency anemia in which the bone of the upper eye sockets takes on a spongy appearance
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cribra orbitalia
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3 reasons bones may arrest
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disease, trauma, malnutrition
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Horizontal lines near the ends of long bones indicating episodes of physiological stress
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Harris lines
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signs of growth arrest that disappear
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Harris lines
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Horizontal linear defects (shallow grooves) in tooth enamel indicating episodes of physiological stress
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enamel hypoplasias
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What type of growth arrest evidence is permanent?
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enamel hypoplasias
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What did Larsen attribute the enamel hypoplasias at Stillwater to?
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fluctuations of food supply causing malnutrition
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Larsen used ____and _____ to determine workload in an individual’s life
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osteoarthritis, bone biomechanics
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A disorder in which the cartilage between joints wears away, often because of overuse of the joint, resulting in osteophytes and eburnation
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osteoarthritis
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A sign of osteoarthritis in which bones develop a distinct “lipping†of bone at the point of articulation (e.g., at elbow or knee)
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osteophyte
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A sign of osteoarthritis in which the epiphyses of long bones are worn smooth, causing them to take on a varnish-like appearance
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eburnation
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Cartilage disappears and articular surfaces rub against one another
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eburnation
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what factor was severe for the Stillwater population?
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osteoarthritis
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Cross sections of the body’s long bones (arms and legs) used to analyze bone shape and reconstruct the mechanical stresses placed on that bone- and hence activity patterns
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long bone cross sextions
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Bones change cross sections as they respond to stress
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bone biomechanics
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The study of ancient demographic patterns and trends
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paleodemography
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3 paleodemographic parameters
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life expectancy, age profile, patterns in age of death
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Charts that depict the various ages at death of a burial population
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mortality profiles
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paleodemography works best for skeletal samples...
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...from same biological population over short period of time
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how is stature determined?
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relating length of long bones to height
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best bone for determining stature
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femur
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what technique was not used at Stillwater?
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stature
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Cavities are also called...
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caries
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caries differentiate between...
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...agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers
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what did caries tell Larsen about the Stillwater people?
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they were strictly hunter-gatherers
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Diets can be reconstructed by analyzing ____and ____ stable isotopes preserved in bone
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carbon, nitrogen
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The organic component of bone
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bone collagen
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Measure ratio of ____ in bone collagen to determine dietary importance of classes of plants
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carbon isotopes
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what 2 questions can be answered with nitrogen stable isotopes?
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marine/terrestrial? more/less meat?
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At Stillwater, diet was...
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...mix of plants and animals, all marsh-based
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What was the large range of N values at Stillwater attributed to?
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dietary varibility
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