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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of human behavior through material remains from both the remote and recent past in relation to documentary history and stratigraphy of the ground
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Historical Archaeology
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What are some of the biases in documentary evidence of the past?
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Literacy is required
Powerful men are more commonly represented Political, religious subject matter Highlights special occasions Government records are more likely to survive |
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What are some of the biases in maps of the past?
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reflect interests/experiences of cartographers
often not created by local people |
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What are some of the biases in portraiture and illustrations of the past?
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Biased toward wealth and power for they could afford it and were considered more important
May be intended as caricature |
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What are some of the biases in historic photographs?
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May be posed
Behavior changes when being watched Photographers choose the subjects |
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What are some of the biases of the archaeological record?
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Favor permanent/non-biodegradable materials
Favors wealthy/powerful people and sedentism where people accumulate more stuff, leave more trash and have more durable buildings |
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Uluburun
location and age |
Excavated in Meditteranean (southern Turkey)
From bronze age (1306 BC) through dendrochronology |
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Uluburun
What was found? |
Olives, olive oil, pomegranates, jars of Syrian resin (Egyptian religious incense)
Raw materials: copper ingots, amber, African ebony, elephant tusks, ostrich eggs, turtle carapaces (music) Manufactured goods: Canaanite silver and gold bracelets and pendants, pottery, ivory cosmetics, trumpet, bronze tools, 2 wooden writing boards |
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Why was Uluburun's findings valuable to archaeological research?
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The site was shipwreck evidence of Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean
Included artifacts from many countries including Egypt, Mycenae (Greece), Sardinia, N. and E. Europe, Syria/Palestine, and N. Africa Represented important long distance connections between countries |
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Race v. Ethnicity
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Race is a social category perceived to be biological (there is actually more genetic variation within racial groups than between them) while ethnicity is a group of people who have a common origin/family background and they have different perceived cultural, religious, or linguistic backgrounds
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African Burial Ground
Age and location |
New York City
Burials between 1712-1794 |
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African Burial Ground
What was found here? |
Over 400 burials of those of African descent
Women had waist beads: a tradition from Ghana and Nigeria that is evidenced to still be practiced once arriving in America |
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Why is the ABG significant to archaeological methods and ethics?
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The ABG provided insight into the quality of life of those enslaved and their assimilation
The descendant community is now publicly involved and asked for permission now as well as detailed historical research about cultural context now being standard Ethnic affiliations are sought over racial identification |
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Artifacts are considered commodities and this satisfies economic demand
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Looting
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What did the 1906 American Antiquities Act establish?
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Landmarks were made official
Excavation permit was now required for federal land - only given to those trained at museums or universities |
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What did the 1935 Historic Sites Act establish?
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NPS protects sites, buildings, and objects of "national significance" - buildings, landscapes, monuments
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What did the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act establish?
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No destruction, excavation, or removal of archaeological resources from Federal or Indian land without permit
Permits given based on ability to increase archaeological knowledge |
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What did the 1979 Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) establish?
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Ground-disturbing activities on federal land or using federal funds must identify/ salvage threatened archaeological resources that are 100 or more years old
Increased penalities for stealing or destruction of resources |
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What does the 1987 Abandoned Shipwreck Act establish?
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No salvage of historic* shipwrecks in state waters over 100 years old
12 mile territorial sea area |
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What is the CRM and what does it do?
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Cultural Resource Management is a federal/state mandated processes and procedures that are undertaken by private companies under contract.
They identify, evaluate, mitigate, and conserve 3 phases: Reconnaissance, Site Evaluation, Data Recovery |
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What are the main consequences of US legislation between 1906 and 1979? (4)
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Collecting/excavating on public land is illegal without a permit
Rights of private property owners are not affected unless they receive federal funds Most archaeological fieldwork in US done by CRM Archaeological sites on federal lands are managed in public interest |
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What is NAGPRA?
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1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Recognized Native American groups can now reclaim human remains and grave goods from federally funded museums Required to inventory Native American human remains and grave goods |
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What reactions did NAGPRA provoke?
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Some believed that religion was not valid grounds for data loss and that native groups benefit from the knowledge shared by scholars about their culture
Others believed that we do not have the right to impose our views of the past on others since interpretations are subjective and must be sensitive to descendant community |
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Kennewick Man
Where was he found and how long ago did he live? Diet? Cranial morphology |
Skeletal remains by the Columbia River near Kennewick, Washington
A diagnostic projectile point in his hip (PaleoIndian) was radiocarbon dated to 9300 years old Mainly fish Different from later Native Americans - maybe Asian, Ainu, Polynesian |
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What are some of the ways other nation's resource protection laws differ from those of the US?
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Australia's indigenous must be consulted
UK is more rigorous and their laws apply to private land too |
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What are the agreements for wartime in International cultural resource protection?
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Looting is illegal
Cooperation is demanded in returning stolen or illegally obtained items |
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Who are considered the "public" in public archaeology?
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Interest groups
Common identity groups based on race, class, ethnicity, gender, and/or place "Stakeholders" interested in sites for different, sometimes conflicting, reasons |
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What does public archaeology involve?
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Collaboration with communities to preserve local heritage
Sharing historical knowledge with the public Educating about the consequences of looting |
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Involves the cataloging of artifacts/features to infer about the culture of the region throughout time
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Culture History
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Father of Processual Archaeology , the "New Archaeology"
Used hypothesis testing and the scientific method in theorizing about cultural processes |
Lewis Binford
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How is Processual Archaeology different from Postprocessual?
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It is more objective, empirical, explanatory and predictive, deductive: uses logical statements to link data to a causal process
Postprocessual is more inductive in that general conclusions are drawn from observations; emphasizes multiple subjective perspectives, puts a humanist emphasis on individuals, more dynamic, systemic |
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Pioneer of postprocessual archaeology
Quantitative analyses often generated multiple, equally viable scenarios |
Ian Hodder
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Goes from unknown to known
Begins with an untested hypothesis Predicts premises that would lead to hypothesis Logical statements link data to causal processes |
Deductive reasoning
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Goes from known to unknown
Begins with specific facts and observations From there general conclusions and hypotheses are drawn from them |
Inductive reasoning
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What are three things research questions must do?
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Be concerned with observable phenomena
Employ methods of observation so the results are not biased by observer Hypotheses must be testable |
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What are the 6 steps in the scientific (hypothetico-deductive) method?
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1 Define problem
2 1 or more hypotheses 3 Empirical implications 4 Collect appropriate data 5 Test hypotheses by comparing actual with expected data 6 Reject, revise, retest, and/or reformulated hypotheses |
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Provides causal explanations for the data; answers to why and how culture operated in the past through taking particular forms and change over time
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Archaeological theory
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Links the evidence of observable material patterns to the non-observable behavior that produced it as well as systemic and archaeological concepts
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Middle Range Theory
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Inferring about observable similarities in one or more attributes
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Analogic Reasoning
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Contemporary groups of people are compared to those in the archaeological record
Way to infer about those that are not directly observable |
Ethnoarchaeology
Binford's different locations, different tools |
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Analog for past behavior is created without a modern correlate
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Experimental Archaeology
Fluted projectile points Stonehenge - how they got large stones on top |
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Can make inferences about people's consumption behavior
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Garbology
Beef shortage |
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Study of bone
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Osteology
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Study of human disease in the past
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Paleopathology
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Study of human remains in archaeological record
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Bioarchaeology
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Burial patterns tell us about life expectancy, infant mortality, and common causes of death
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Paleodemography
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What can bone reveal?
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Age through degeneration of bone and teeth
Sex through shape of pelvis or skull |
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Gotten from trauma which ceases growth
Lines near epiphyses of long bones, perpendicular to shaft |
Harris lines
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Horizontal discolored lines on the teeth from calcium deficiency
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Enamel hypoplasia
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Ratios of N, C, O, St are determined by diet that are found in teeth, bone, and cartilage
Vary by region of origin |
Stable Isotope Analysis
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