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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scale
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Size of the society
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Mobile hunter-gatherers (bands)
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-smallest societies
-Fewer than 100 people -no formal leaders (egalitarian in theory) -involves shamans -seasonally occupied camps -loose religious structure |
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Segmentary Society (tribes)
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-Maximum of a few thousand people
-Settled farmers and nomadic pastoralists -Certain religious structures -Permanent villages |
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Chiefdom
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-5,000-2,000
-Ranking -Large scale monuments (ex. Henges) |
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State
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-20,000+
-Ex. Egypt, Mesopotamia -Stratified societies -Cities -Bureaucracy, taxes, government -Public buildings (pyramids) |
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Settlement Patterning
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classifying sites into the different categories
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Central Place theory
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a flat landscape, the spatial patterning should be regular
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Theissen Polygons
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geometrical shapes that divide up an area into a number of separate territories
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Monuments
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any building, megalith, etc., surviving from a past age, and regarded as of historical or archaeological importance.
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Craft Specialization
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groups of individuals with expertise in a certain trade.
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Oral Tradition
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a community's cultural and historical traditions passed down by word of mouth or example from one generation to another without written instruction.
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Artifacts of Administration
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Example: seals, emblems, cartouche, money
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Standardization of weights and measures
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self explanatory
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Economic Specialization
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???
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Emulation
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adopting forms from neighboring societies
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DNA
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???
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Environmental Archaeology
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Involving the reconstruction of human use of plants of animals
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Isostatic Uplift
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movement; when the weight of ice is removed as temperatures rise.
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Tectonic Movements
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Earthquakes
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Geomorphology
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study of form and development of the landscape
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Soil Micromorphology
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use of microscopic techniques to study the nature and organization of components of soils
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Primary Cultural Deposits
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ash from an oven or fire. Sediments caused by cultural use. Found in primary context.
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Secondary Cultural Deposits
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- undergone modification in some way, ex. tomb
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Tertiary Cultural Deposits
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- Complete removal of soil or sediment from its primary context to be used somewhere else, generally on a larger scale (moat, terracing)
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Pollen Zones
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different plant communities
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Microfauna
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Small animals like insects
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Macrofauna
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larger animals like sheep
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Coprolites
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old shit
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SET
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Often confused with site catchment analysis, this is a method of achieving a fairly standardized assessment of the area habitually used by a site’s occupants.
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Pllen Analysis
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The study and analysis of fossil pollen as an aid to the reconstruction of past vegetation and climates.
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Subsistence
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a means of survival usually refers to food when archeologically speaking
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Meals
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one distinct activity; a specific event in time?
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Diet
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A pattern of consumption
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External evidence
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Everything but archaeological evidence
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Internal evidence
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archaeological evidence
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Phytoliths
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Minute particles of silica derived from the cells of plants, able to survive after the organism has decomposed or been burned. They are common in ash layers, pottery, and even on stone tools and teeth
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Microwear analysis
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V-shaped versus U-shaped cut marks, shows whether scavenging or hunting
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Taphonomy
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The life history of a bone after it is deposited in the ground to when it is pulled out of the dirt
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Sexual dimorphism
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differences between the sexes
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Animal domestication
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interference with the natural breeding habits of certain species
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Non-indigenous
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????
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Strain deformities
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the splaying of bones or bony outgrowths
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Blood residue technique
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Looking at residues on weapons and stuff to see what people were up to
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Isotopic analysis
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read chemical ‘signature’ left in the body by different foods; you are what you eat!
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Industrial Archaeology
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the archaeology of technology; using the advice of modern experts
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Eoliths
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a natural rock that’s thought to be an artifact
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Synthetic
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nearly all depended on heat- pyrotechnology- ex. potter, glass, metals
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Mines
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???
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Quarries
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sources for large pieces of stone
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Chaine operatoire
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Ordered chain of actions, gestures, and processes in a production sequence (e.g. of a stone tool or a pot) which led to the transformation of a given material toward the finished product. The concept, introduced by Andre Leroi-Gourhan, is significant in allowing the archaeologist to infer back from the finished artifact to the procedures, the intentionality in the production sequence, and ultimately to the conceptual template of the maker.
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Debitage
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waste material (from stone flinting?)
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ESR spectroscopy
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way to see if stone was heated before it was worked
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Replication
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????
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Refitting
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Sometimes referred to as conjoining, this entails attempting to put stone tools and flakes back together again, and provides important information on the processes involved in the knapper’s craft.
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Pyrotechnology
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The intentional use and control of fire by humans
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Metallurgy
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The study of metals generally
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Faience
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a kind of preglass; a glazed material- not necessarily ceramic; made out of crushed sand or quartz and then other things were added; only used to make small things
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Glass
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???
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Non-ferrous metal
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not iron
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Annealing
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the process of heating and then hammering
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Annealing
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the process of heating and then hammering
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Metallographic examination
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A technique used in the study of early metallurgy involving the microscopic examination of a polished section cut from an artifact, which has been etched so as to reveal the metal structure.
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Alloying
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Technique involving the mixing of two or more metals to create a new material, e.g. the fusion of copper and tine to make bronze.
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Casting/molds
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???
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Slags
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the waste product of metal working
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Plating
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putting gold plates over a cheaper metal
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