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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BC (E)
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before christ/ before common era
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AD
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Anno Domini
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BP (RVYBP)
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Before present
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Petrarch (1307-1374)
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- father of humanism
- saw differences between present and Medieval times - saw Roman as age of perfection - promoted idea of studying past |
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Ciriaco de Pizzcolli (1391- 1455)
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- established modern discipline of arch
- traveled through Egypt - wanted to "restore dead to life" |
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Bishop Ussher (1581 - 1656)
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- head of Church of Ireland
- determined exact start day for the earth (Oct. 23, 4004) |
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Belzoni (1778 - 1823)
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- antiquarian
- circus performer - took notes and made drawings of findings |
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Three- Age System
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Thomsen:
1. Stone Age 2. Bronze Age 3. Iron Age |
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Worsaae (1821 - 1885)
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- first professional arch because he excavated to ANSWER questions
- thinking FROM things - University of Copenhagen - tried to find evidence to support 3-Age System |
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Boucher de Perthes (1788 - 1868)
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- found stone tools and argued humans had been around much longer
- catastrophist - biological evolution now published |
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Old World Approach
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- classics, prehistory
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New World Approach
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- Anthropology
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Classical Archaeology
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- The branch of arch that studies classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, such as Greece and Rome
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Antiquarian
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- people fascinated with objects of the past
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CB Moore (1875 - 1964)
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- antiquarian, early scientific work
- came from wealthy business family - bought "The Gopher" to study SE |
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Nels Nelson (1875 - 1964)
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- stratigraphic excavation and change thru time
- sent from Denmark and entered 1st grade at 17 |
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AV Kidder
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- founder of Anthropological Arch
- felt we had to understand environment to understand culture - Pecos Pueblo |
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Culture History
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- explains differences or changes over time in artifact frequencies by positing the diffusion of ideas between neighboring cultures of the migration of a people who had different mental templates for artifact styles
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Lewis Binford
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- Archs Angry Man
- address larger issues like cultural evolution, ecology, and social organization - processual arch/ new arch - ethno arch |
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New Archaeology
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- 1960s
- emphasizes understanding of cultural processes and the use of the scientific method |
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Gertrude Caton- Thompson (1888 - 1985)
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- excavated settlements as well as tombs and temples
- Zimbabwe site |
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H Marie Worthington (1914 - 1994)
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- first female PHD @ Harvard
- first pres for Society of Arch - Denver, CO |
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Kathleen Deagan (1948 - )
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- Spanish colonial studies
- concerned with people and culture behind artifact - |
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Anthropology
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- study of all aspects of human kind: bio, cultural, linguistic; extant and extinct
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Biological Anthro
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- views humans as biological organisms
- aka physical anthro |
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Cultural Anthro
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- nonbiological aspects: learned social, linguistic, technological, and familial behaviors of humans
- ethnography/ ethnology |
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Linguistic Anthro
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- focuses on human language; grammar, syntax, lexicon
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Archaeological Anthro
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- study of the part through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains
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Culture
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- integrated system of beliefs, traditions, and customs that govern or influence a person's behavior
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Ideational Perspective
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- ideas, symbols, and mental structures are driving forces in shaping human behavior
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Adaptive Perspective
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- technology, ecology, demography, and economics are driving forces in shaping human behavior
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Kwakwak'awakw
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- Native Americans living off coast of BC
- potlatch |
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Potlatch
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- ceremony involving the giving away or destruction of property in order to acquire prestige
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Great Mica Grave
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- Mound City, Ohio
- possible alliance between two groups as Mica came from afar |
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Scientific Approach
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- search for universals
- empirical - systematic - self critical - based on tests - public |
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Humanistic Approach
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- focuses on human interest, value
- individual experience - rejects search for universals - no ultimate truth |
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Thomas Jefferson
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- Notes on the State of Virginia
- argued Native Americans were the intellectual/physical equals of Europeans - excavated burial mound on his property - surmised that burials had accumulated through repeated use |
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Ephraim Squier & Edwin David
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- formed alliance to study mounds
- wrote Ancient Monument of Mississippi Valley - described moundbuilders as agricultural people - suggested moundbuilders were realted to "semi-civlilized" nations of Mexico and Central America |
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Cyrus Thomas
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- entomologist (bugs) for geographical surveys
- concluded (CORRECTLY) that the copper occurred naturally in the region |
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Bureau of Ethnology
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- headed by John Powell
- in Smithsonian Institution - $5000 a year on mound exploration |
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Scientific Method
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1. define problem
2. hypothesis 3. determine empirical implications of the hypotheses 4. collect data 5. test hypothesis 6. reject, revise, retest as necessary |
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Deductive Reasoning
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- reasoning from theory to account for specific observational or experimental results
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Inductive Reasoning
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- working from specific observations to a more general hypothesis
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Theory
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- explicit, explanation for observed empirical phenomena
- explains relationships between variables - answer to the "why" questions |
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Low- Level Theory
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- observations from hands on field/lab work
- data: systematic observation |
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Middle- level theory
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- hypothesis that links archaeological observations with the human behavior or natural processes that produced them
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High- level theory
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- theory that answers "why" question
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Data
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- relevant observations made on objects that then serve as the basis for study and discussion
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Ethnoarchaeology
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- study of contemporary peoples to determine how human behavior is translated
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Taphonomy
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- study of how organisms become part of the fossil record
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Paradigm
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- the overarching framework for understanding a research problem. researcher's "culture"
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Post-processual arch
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- external conditions (environment) take casual priority over ideational factors in explaining change
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Postmodernism
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- rejects grand historical schemes in favor of humanistic approaches that appreciate the multiple voices of history
- argues against existence of objective truth |
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Post-processual
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- rejects scientific objectivity
- sees archaeology as political |
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Michelle Hegmon
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- processual-plus
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Site
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- any place where material evidence exists about the human past
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Arch survey
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- where sites are located
- how people use landscape - tells you a little about a large area - recorded using number system - techniques vary |
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Systematic Regional Survey
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- a set of strategies for arriving at accurate descriptions of the range of arch material across a landscape
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Settlement pattern
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- distribution of sites across a region
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Settlement system
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- the movements and activities reconstructed from a settlement pattern
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Seasonal Round
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- hunter gatherers' pattern of movement between different places on the landscape, timed to he seasonal availability of food and other resources
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Sample Universe
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- region to be sampled, its size and shape are determined by research questions and practical considerations
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Sample Fraction
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- percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed
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Sample Units
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- survey unites of standard size and shape
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Random Sample
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- sample drawn from stat pop so every sample has an equal opportunity of being chosen
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Stratified Random
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- divide landscape in zones before choosing randomly
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UTM
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- a grid of 1 X 1 meter squares; provide a handy, preexisting way to sample a landscape
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