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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Archaeological anthropology |
reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains |
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Material remains |
include those discovered at sites where people live and have lived throughout the years, beginning from when humans existed until the present |
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Paleoecology |
the study of past ecosystems |
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1.Discovery and Description 2.Explanation 3.Understanding human behavior |
Goals of archaeology |
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Artifacts (examples: arrowheads, pottery) |
tools, ornaments, or other objects used by people to accomplish a certain task and come in different types and forms |
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Ecofacts (examples: food residues like bones and seeds) |
unmodified (non-artifactual) remains of biological materials used by people |
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Features (examples: hearths, houses, walls) |
non-portable objects used or constructed by people |
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NORMATIVE VIEW |
assumption that past behavior was rational and that people made “good” decisions |
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Archaeological cultures |
are models which may or may not present actual societies |
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Processual archaeology |
It is also known as new or scientific archaeology |
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Behavioral archaeology |
An approach to the study of archaeological materials formulated by Michael B. Schiffer |
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Behavioral archaeology |
It is an emerging branch of anthropology emphasizing the study of relationships between human behavior and artifacts |
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Post-processual archaeology |
It analyses not only the material remains they excavated, but also themselves, their attitudes and opinions. |
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Feminist archaeology |
puts the study gender at the center of archaeology |
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Cultural-historical archaeology |
an archaeological theory that emphasizes defining historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groupings according to their material culture |
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Marxist archaeology |
is an archaeological theory that interprets archaeological information within the framework of Marxism. |
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Archival research |
uncovers written records associated with the study area |
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Oral history |
includes any kind of information passed down by word of mouth from descendants of inhabitants of the study area. |
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Surface surveys |
systematic examination of the land |
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Shovel test pits |
series of shallow pits dug in an area believed to be a potential site to reveal artifacts or features |
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Geophysical surveys |
cost-effective, non-intrusive and relatively quick way of detecting and assessing sub-surface features |
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datum point |
fixed reference point from which all measurements are taken |
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Statigraphy |
study of geological or soil layers that is used to determine the relative age of each layer |
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Dating |
determine the relative age of artifacts and features |
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Feature |
shows human activity but unlike most artifacts it cannot be removed from the archaeological site (i.e. stains) |
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Prehistoric Archaeology |
discipline that deals with societies that did not have systematic forms of writing |
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Historical Archaeology |
examines civilizations that left behind written records |
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Protohistoric Archaeology |
studies societies with very limited written records |
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Ethnoarchaeology |
study of modern societies resembling extinct ones of archaeological interest |
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Taphonomy |
studies how objects decay and degrade over time |
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1. Ancient 2. Industrial 3. Biblical 4. Medieval 5. Post-medieval 6. Modern |
Disciplines by time period |
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1. Archival research 2. Oral history 3. Surface surveys 4. Shovel test pits 5. Geophysical surveys 6. Research design 7. Gridding the site 8. Excavating a unit 9. Statigraphy 10. Dating 11. Analyzing artifacts 12. Analyzing features |
Data-gathering methods |
