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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Every society exercises social control through the institution known as:
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political organization
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way to maintain social order
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political organizing
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4 levels of political organization
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bands
tribes chiefdoms states |
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o Paleoindian and archaic groups (hunting gatherers)
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bands
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o Small autonomous group, small self ruling group
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bands
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o Least complicated form of political organization
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bands
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o The fact that they are h&g (moving around) will limit their size
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bands
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o Comprised of a number of related individuals and spouses and children, almost always immediate and extended family
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bands
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o Can be 5,7,10 people… could be 100 people
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bands
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o Characterized as related nuclear families as long as the environment and subsistence circumstances are favorable
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bands
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o As long as resources and supplies are available, when not ___ break down into smaller ___, move on to other territory
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bands
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o Quite democratic
• No one member may tell another what to do, how to hunt, whom to marry |
bands
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No private ownership
• Game, food, resources shared by the entire group |
bands
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o Decisions are made by all adult members
• Has to be a unanimous vote, consensus of adults |
bands
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o ____ leader – informal not permanent
• Older male – successful at hunting, demonstrated courage • Older woman – great at medicinal cures • That persons word might carry more power than others, but decisions are not made by that one individual |
bands
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o Uncentralized
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tribes and bands
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o Invariably, most likely are producing some of their own food
• Horticulture, herding |
tribes
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o Up to 1000 or so people (bigger than band)
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tribes
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o May consist of one or more autonomous units
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tribes
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o Informal
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bands and tribes
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o When a decision is required, council or family heads that get together and make decisions
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tribes
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o Leadership is informal
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tribes and bands
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o Different autonomous units get together for ceremony
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tribes
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o The big man
• Individual who has a lot of self interest and some interest for the ____ • Very calculated in his approach • Begins to acquire wealth • Has to be willing to share that wealth Not give it away, but share it Make loans • If for any reason big man resists sharing wealth, then that individual can be ostracized, lose whatever he has accumulated, kicked out, maybe put to death Consequences steep if not willing to help/share |
tribes
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o Leadership informal – not determined
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bands and tribes
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o Centralized form
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chiefdoms and states
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o Ranked society
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chiefdoms
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o Every member has his or her position in the hierarchy
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chiefdoms
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o Your position is based on how closely related one is to the chief
• The more closely related you are to chief, the higher your position |
chiefdoms
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o Office of chief may or may not be inherited
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chiefdoms
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o The chief can distribute land among the community, recruit members into military service, controls the productive activities of the people
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chiefdoms
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o The chief can take surpluses, even surplus labor, into his or her community
• If surplus of fish, can take it inland to make sure people without access to fish get it (vice versa with corn) |
chiefdoms
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o Redistributive economy
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chiefdoms
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o In that process, the chief is able/may accumulate a great amount of wealth, personal wealth, and can pass that wealth on to heirs (lands, cattle, luxury goods)
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chiefdoms
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o centralized
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chiefdoms and states
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o most formal of political organizations
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states
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o hallmark of civilization
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states
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o permanent government
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states
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o can use (legitimized) force to regulate the affairs of its citizens, to regulate the affairs with others
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states
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o large, complex societies
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states
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o central power
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states
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o formal code, laws and a way to administer those laws
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states
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o have the authority to maintain order within its borders and outside of its borders
• military, police force, other personal able to act on behalf of state, punishment |
states
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o divided into social classes
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states
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o in some you can move up, in some not (whatever you’re born into to is where you stay)
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states
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o unequal wealth, unequal distribution of economic functions
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states
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o vast surpluses of services and goods
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states
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o intense specialization of labor
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states
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o vast surpluses may be bought up, someone may be compensated for it
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states
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o currency/monetary system controlled by state (moniters it/issuing authority)
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states
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o must pay taxes
• central for protection, structure |
states
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o special unit set up to collect those taxes
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states
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the organization and execution of the activities of war
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states
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o *****it is among ___ and_____ that warfare is most prominent***
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farming and pastural population
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o the status that a person is born into
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ascribed status
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o status you acquire during your life time
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achieved status
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uncentralized political systems
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bands and tribes
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centralized political systems
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chiefdoms and states
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in order to maintain social control, there a various elements used by societies
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sanctions
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o good things, when one is doing what it’s supposed to
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positive sanctions
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o formal positive sanction
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graduation, award ceremony, promotion
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o informal positive sanction
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pat on the back, people clap for you
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formal negative sanctions
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going to prision
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when doing something wrong, bad consequences
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negative sanctions
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informal negative sanctions
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people boo, flipping someone off
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relatively small culture area
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american southwest
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• North South designation of the American Southwest
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***from about Durango, Colorado to the north… south to Durango, mexico***
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• East to West
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East: Las Vegas, NV to West: Las Vegas, New Mexico
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• The southwest groups
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o Were gardeners
o Thrifty o Skillful exploiters of the land o Masters at exploiting the little water available |
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o Major crops cultivated by these SW gardeners
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• Corn
• Beans • Squash • Cotton |
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o Other foods that they exploited that we consider weeds
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• Sunflowers
• Wild potatoes • Wild tomatoes |
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• What is often forgotten is that these SW gardeners depended heavily on
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100s of wild species
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o By having cultigens and these wild species, it allowed for
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a denser population (more people in a particular area)
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o So these SW cultures, their success was the result of
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complex year round exploitation of available species
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• Planting techniques of SW people
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o Seed corn – planted 10 or 12 kernels in one spot, relatively deep hole in hope of reaching ground water or more moist soil underneath
o The deep placement of the kernels also protected the corn from a late frost o These plantings are called hills o Widely spaced, irregularly spaced • So as not to divide unevenly the water o Because there is a lack of water… most corn stalks only 3-4 feet high o That hill has 10-12 corn stalks, looks more like a bush than a corn stalk o Part of the adaptation of the SW • Outer stalks, take brunt of heat • Inner stalks, better corn • Relatively few number of ears of corn from these hills |
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• Within American SouthWest… we have the development of one of 3 culture climaxes of north America
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Hohokam
Mogollon Anasazi |
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where were hohokom located?
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• Limited primarily to Arizona
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• Irrigation
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Hohokam
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• Figurines made of pottery, stone
• Made pottery |
Hohokam
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• Formalized house construction
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Hohokam
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• Practiced cremation
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Hohokam
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• Copper bells
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Hohokam and anasazi
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• Macaw – the bird
o Object of worship? Source of feathers? Combination of things? |
Hohokam and anasazi
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• These traits are relatively new to the _____ don’t see them earlier to about 300 ad or so (ball courts, copper bells, mounds… later)
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Hohokam
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• Ball courts
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Hohokam
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• Platform mounds
o Mounds upon which to put structures |
Hohokam
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• **** Pit houses
o can be different shapes!!!! **** NOT just rectangular o Rectangular, round, D-shaped |
Hohokam and Mogollon
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are pit houses just rectangular?
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no
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• Canal irrigation
o Cut canal from local river to come into fields then back other end into the river • come out at least 10 miles in come cases • wide channels… up to 18 feet wide… 12 feet deep • bottom of canal can be u-shaped or v-shaped • around 800 ad |
Hohokam
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• The modern town of Phoenix covers many several _____ sites
• Snaketown |
Hohokam
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snaketown
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o Most famous, best known hohokom site
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snaketown distinctive ceramincs (hohokam)
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o wide mouth jars
o surfaces are generally unpainted o when they are painted… they tend to be red on grey or red on buff decorations o flat bottom bowls |
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• stone tools at snaketown (hohkam)
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o cutting
o digging o very similar to some of the archaic forms of the area |
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• very few perishable items known for ______
o we don’t know a lot about basketry, wood |
hohokom
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• we know more about ______ special artifacts
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• we know more about hohokom special artifacts
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• stone bowls made into particular human forms (apogee bowls)
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hohokam
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• jewelry, rings, bracelets, pendants primarily made of shells
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hohokam
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• mirrors made of pyrite
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hohokam
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• stone beads… turquoise
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hohokam
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• decorative themes for hohokom
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o life forms
• lizards, frogs, turtles, bears |
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Hohokam ideas from Mesoamerica
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• ideas from Mesoamerica
• stepped pyramids o indicator of influence from outside o not like ones out of Mexico that are stone faced o made primarily out of caliche plaster • ball courts o 200 known across the SW o oval depression o has arching sides to it o some measured to 100 ft long, 35 ft wide o several solid rubber balls have been found • have not been found in association with the ball courts |
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ball courts
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hohokam
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stepped pyramids
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hohokam
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o rubber balls found in association with ball court?
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FALSE
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• general range of hohokom –
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300ad-1200ad
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where were Mogollon located?
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New Mexico and E portions of Arizona
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where are anasazi located?
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• Mesoverde area (4 corners area – NM, AZ, UT)
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• Lots of information about
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Mogollon
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• Develop out of the archaic
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Mogollon
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• AD 300 or so
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Mogollon
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• Ceramics
• Agriculture • Lots of artifacts |
Mogollon
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o Dry caves, dry rock shelters – helps with preservation
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Mogollon
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o Bone beads
o Pendants – wood, bone and shell |
Mogollon
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o String aprons
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Mogollon
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o Fur and feather robes
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Mogollon
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o Lots of wooden implements
• Things used for hunting, gathering, digging sticks, nets, baskets |
Mogollon
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o Tumplines
• Strands or strings usually with a padded section can go across forehead for carrying materials |
Mogollon
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• Strands or strings usually with a padded section can go across forehead for carrying materials
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tumplines
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o pit houses
• d-shaped, kidney shaped, rectangular |
mogollon and hohokam
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• as early as AD 400, Mogollon getting influences from the Anasazi in terms of pottery
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o black and white pottery
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o mimbres
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• part of mogollon that produce the black and white pottery
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• growing corn, maize squash, taking advantage of wild plants
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mogollon
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• at its peak of expansion (AD ___ - ____ ), the _____ reached into far west Texas
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1200-1400
Mogollon |
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• Probably developed from a stimulus out of the Mogollon area
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Anasazi
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• Known for their cliff dwellings
o Particularly up in the four corners area o Multistory cliff dwellings |
Anasazi
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• 1890s – brought to attention of the public by the rancher collectors that lived in the area
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Anasazi
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• ____ one of the more extensively studied area in terms of archaeology
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SW
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• In housing complexes…
o Store rooms o There are still pit houses that are used |
Anasazi
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KIVA
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Anasazi
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subterranean religious structure
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kiva - Anasazi
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o Usually a circular structure
o Enter through space at top o Place for reflection, ceremonial activities, cleansing o All of these communities have these kivas o Some have great kivas • Utilized to the community at large • Can be 50 m in diameter • 10 ft deep • of great ritual and symbolic value o they took a lot of effort, expensive to get timbers to build |
KIVAS
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o Macaw
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Anasazi and hohokam
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o skeletons
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Anasazi
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o feathers
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Anasazi
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o copper bells
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Anasazi and hohokam
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o kinds of jewelry
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Anasazi and hohokom
mogollon had pendents |
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• seem to have been a network
o social o chaco canyon o indicates they heldsome sort of economic/religious control over the area |
Anasazi
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chaco canyon
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Anasazi
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• known for black and white pottery
o mug |
Anasazi
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