Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Marcellin Boule
|
1909, hairy low stature description of Neanderthals
|
|
|
Morphological changes in neanderthals
|
Shorter, more robust:
clavicle length brachial index bi-iliac breadth Facial Differences: Prognathic Face Lack of chin |
|
|
Classic Neandertals
|
130,000 to 30,000 years ago
Europe and Western Axsia Cranial capacity from 1300 to 1600 cc |
|
|
Mousterian Flake Based
|
Levallois technique - Prepared core, consistent flaking, direct pressure
Bifaces Rare |
|
|
Explanation of tool assemblages,
Bords Binford and Dibble |
Bordes = cultural difference
Binford = Different activities Dibble = Different Use stages |
|
|
Large Carnivore Faunal Age Distributions
|
Hunting and scavenging predators prey on different health individuals
Neandertals favor prime adults |
|
|
Middle Paleolithic Sites
|
Shanidar Cave, Iraq = "Flower Burial"
Le Moustier - Lower Shelter Burial, with tools |
|
|
Cannibalism
|
cutmarks, burning, splitting, Krapina Croatia , ate marrow
|
|
|
Middle Paleolithic "Art"
|
Quneitra, Golan Heights, nonfunctional markings
|
|
|
"Out of Africa Theory"
|
modern humans originated in Africa, replaced throughout world
|
|
|
Multi-Regional evolution theory
|
populations throughout H. Erectus diaspora evolved locally and at the same general time
|
|
|
La Chaise cave
|
environment reflects adaptations, meat diet, 2,000 years of cave inhaition
|
|
|
Alan Thorn
|
Argument that Neandertals were not different species, anatomy vs. Culture
|
|
|
Golan
|
Hya Nim, earliest H. Sapiens
|
|
|
Coexistence of Neandertals and modern Hmans, South France Cro- Magnon
|
different species
Foix - example of valley civilization H. Sapiens sites always on hillsides |
|
|
H. Sapiens technoogy
|
glue and hide for spearhead
|
|
|
Lascaux
|
17,000 years ago
Carved horse freize, saliva as bonding for pigment |
|
|
Alan's cave, Australia
|
50,000 to 60,000 years ago,
hostile terrain, scratch marks deep down |
|
|
Multi-regionalism vs. out-of-Africa
|
Hybrid model = most ecumenical
|
|
|
Hallmarks of the Upper Paleolithic
|
40,000 to 10,000 years ago
|
|
|
Upper Paleolithic Environment
|
Europe more habitable
|
|
|
UP Social Behavior
|
Storage, Shelter, Trade, Fire, Art, Burials
|
|
|
Cultural phases of the UP
|
Aurignancian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian
|
|
|
Aurignacian
|
34,000 to 27,000 years ago
post-Levallois tools, blade technology Vogelherd votive sculptures 37,000 years ago Hohlenstein Stadel = cave bears |
|
|
Gravettian
|
27,000 to 21,000 years ago
More elaborate art |
|
|
Human figurines
|
Venus figurines, archtypical
plump, steatopygia, fertility symbols Barma Grande - Italy, Stone Dolni Vestonice - Czech Rep, Ceramic Willendorf - Austria, limestone Lespugue, France - Ivory |
|
|
Thin figurines
|
Malt'a Serbia, Pavlov Czech, Gagarino Russia, Petrkovice Czech
|
|
|
Parietal Art
|
99% France and Spain and Portugal
|
|
|
Pigments
|
Red = ochre or hemalite
Black = charcoal or manganese oxide Yellow = ochre White = gypsum |
|
|
Cave Art sites
|
Altamira, Spain
Lascaux, France Grotte De Niux, France (deep caverns Grotte de Cosquer - France (submerged, Auks) |
|
|
Le-trois Freres caves
|
Shamanistic beliefs
|
|
|
Entoptic phenomena
|
within the eye, hallucinogenic trance drugs
|
|
|
Grotte Chauvet
|
First cave art
Representation of movement, bulls, rhinos |
|
|
Peche Merle
|
Inaccessible, elaborate and large images
|
|
|
Sympathetic magic- Cave art
|
Breuil
empody specific animals to hunt |
|
|
Trophyism - Cave art
|
Eaton
after killing, celebrate and represent kill |
|
|
Sexual Symbolism - Cave art
|
Leroi Gourhan
hunting vs hunter male vs female |
|
|
structuralism - Cave art
|
Claude levi strauss
binaries |
|
|
Information/Communication system - cave art
|
Conkey
|
|
|
Paleolithic Interglacial Period
|
northern Europe still covered in icesheet
16000 BC |
|
|
Sedentism
|
more stable habitations, use of less territory and localized in adaptation
|
|
|
adl-adl
|
spear throwing aid
|
|
|
Hallmarks of the mesolithic
|
opening of new environments, rise in material culture, rise in warfare, rise in status diferentiation
|
|
|
Population changes in mesolithic
|
Simple generalized hunters to complex specialized hunters
|
|
|
Simple,Generalized hunter gatheres
|
Immediate return = Woodburn
Foragers = Binford Non-elaborate hunter-gatherers = Dale and Marshall |
|
|
Complex, Specialized Hunter Gatherers
|
Delayed Return - Woodburn (kill large animals, process game)
Logistical Collectors = Binford (specific forays for specific food Elaborate Hunter-Gatherers (Dale and Marshall) |
|
|
Younger Dryas Cold Period
|
12,000 BC to 10,000 BC
consolidated populations |
|
|
Re-warming after younger Dryas
|
Dry Steppe areas, temperate deserts
8,000 glacial ice sheet contracting |
|
|
Agricultural transition in SouthWest Asia following Younger Dryas
|
9,000 - 8,000 BC
|
|
|
Domestication
|
Biological process of changing the genetic and physical characteristics of plants and animals as they become dependant on humans for reproductive success
|
|
|
Agriculture
|
Intentional management (cultivation and herding) of domesticated plants and animals, involving changes in the use of earth and environment toward productive ends
|
|
|
Neolithic period
|
revolution of social and political structures, centered around agricultural revolution
|
|
|
Origins of Agriculture
|
Fertile Crescent, China, Meso America, Eastern US, Andes
|
|
|
Disadvantages of Agriculture
|
More labor/more involved, less rich diet, risk-crop failure = famine, population growth, territorial restrictions and political structure, social organization hierarchy
|
|
|
Advantages of farming
|
feed more people per unit of land
accumulated more material culture |
|
|
Key plants in South West Asia
|
Wheat and Barley
|
|
|
Rachis
|
evidence of domestic vs wild wheat
wild - rachis to be brittle advantage domestic - rachis less brittle advantage |
|
|
Domestic animals
|
smaller than wild animals
leadable morphology selected for |
|
|
Domestic technologies
|
shift across continents, made staples
|
|
|
Chickens
|
domesticated in southeast asia, spread out
coast of peru by AD 1400 |
|
|
Oasis Hypothesis
|
V. Gordon Childe
Habitable areas in near east reduced to oases control and domestication is survival in competition |
|
|
Natural Habitat "Hilly Flanks" hypothesis
|
Robert Braidwood
domestication took place in areas where people encountered wild ancestors of domestics, hilly flanks of fertile crescent |
|
|
Marginal Environ, "Edge" hypothesis
|
Lewis Binford
Farming detrimental, rising populations meant some had to develope farming in order to maintain food source |
|
|
Social Hypothesis
|
Barbara Bender
Farming encouraged because allows surpluses, allowing trade and currency |
|
|
Co-Evolutionary Hypothesis
|
David Rindos, Jared Diamond
Two or more species adapt together, strong symbiosis |
|
|
Archaeological indicators of food production
|
tools
storage permanent structures large settlements dung pens field systems, irrigation ground clearance art |
|
|
Fertile Crescent
|
10,000 BC = rye, wheat, barley
PPNA - Pre-Pottery Neolithic Area |
|
|
Natufian Phase
|
evidence of sedentary villages, pre-agro culture
|
|
|
'Ain Mailaha
|
13,000 - 11,000 BP
earliest known village, 200-300 people no associated with agriculture |
|
|
Abu Hureya
|
Hilly Flanks
Natural/wild habitat of barley, wheat, goats |
|
|
Jarmo
|
7000 BC
foothills of Zagros Mts. |
|
|
Uruk
|
4000BC
worlds first city, Sumerian Move into river valley - develop irrigation |
|
|
Important plants in Uruk
|
Wheat, barley
|
|
|
Uruk Site
|
250 hectres, Kullab and Eanna
Tell = mound occupied in layers |
|
|
Ziggurat
|
monumental architechture -
need for slave labor |
|
|
Uruk Temple Design
|
Tripartite design is standard
faced with limestone stone cones - prosperity, imported |
|
|
Function of Temples
|
Institutionalized venue for consumption of surplus
Reiteration of Ideological control Administrative, iconic center of city |
|
|
Domestic Uruk architecture
|
crowded, organized housing, complex hierarchy
|
|
|
Warka Vase
|
Uruk artifact, looted from Baghdad museum
|
|
|
Cylinder seals
|
inscribed in the round, used as administrative seals, supported by texts
|
|
|
Earlier forms of writing
|
Uruk, 3200 - 3000BC
|
|
|
Egypt
|
Sema-Tawy land of papyrus and lotus
|
|
|
Egyptian timeline
|
10,000BP rainfall patterns shift, humans on nile
5,000 BC full time farming 4-3100 pre-dynastic |
|
|
Palette of Narmar
|
3100 BC
King Menes Unifies upper and lower kingdom crowns of egypt lower = helmet upper = pin |
|
|
Aegyptiaca
|
280 BC, King list
Dynasty 0 = Scorpian King |
|
|
3rd Dynasty
|
Pyramid Technology
Step pyramid of Djoser |
|
|
Great pyramids of Giza
|
4th dynasty
Khufu Khafre Menkaure |
|
|
Pompeii
|
Bay of Naples, Mount Vesuvias
Vesuvias erupts = 79 AD |
|
|
Pompeii slave quarter
|
400 slaves per household, 1 out of 3 in empire was slave ,could ern freedom, becomes part of large, extended family
|
|
|
Pliny the Younger
|
17 years old, lives in herculaneum
|
|
|
Pompeii Premise
|
How accurate are other sites if Pompeii is primary source of data
relate archaeological record to daily life |
|
|
Ampitheatre
|
Rome first civ. to make social life public
advertisements and propaganda preserved |
|
|
Volcanic Eruption
|
Plinian Phase
first phase, top blows off, no time to react Pelean Phase ash and smoke over area, time to react |
|
|
Giuseppe Fiorelli
|
Method of filling decayed cavities with plaster of paris
|
|
|
Pompeii Bathhouse
|
marks arrival as major roman city, citizens had short work day
|
|
|
Historical archaeology
|
what we know from records
|
|
|
Eblaite
|
site of writen historical and administrative documents in Sumerian and local Eblaite language
|
|
|
Jamestown
|
English settlers in 1607
|
|
|
Jamestown - dessemination of coper
|
Cheifdom of tribe manipulating British colonists to gain power
copper for corn iron tools valued John smith - elevates value of copper |
|
|
Slavery in the US -
Lack of objective accounts |
Lack of objective accounts of slavery
Lack of documentation and hard data Unwillingness to confront historical realities of slavery |
|
|
Slaves
|
prevalence of buttons
animal bones in stews |
|
|
Golden Man, Kazakhstan
|
500-400 BC national symbol of kazakhstan
|
|
|
Parietal art
|
cave art
|
|
|
Mobilary art
|
votives, figures, etc
|
|
|
Karl Wittfogel
|
Irrigation Hypothesis
transition from dry to irrigated farming |
|
|
Mesolithic period
|
period of time and technology, varies
Southwest Asia = 9000 to 8000 BC Europe - 7000 BC to 6500 BC |
|
|
Robert Carniero
|
warfare hypothesis
populations in pockets, scramble for resources, development in social complexity |
|
|
NAGPRA
|
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Kennewick Man |
|
|
Alta Mira
|
Spanish cave, mammal paintings
|
|
|
Shanidar
|
Iraq cave, flower burial, evidence of caring for injured
|
|
|
Mousterian
|
levallois technology, core/flake based
|
|
|
Mark Cohen
|
Demographic Hypothesis
need to increase productivity As population increase, rise in sedentarism, greater stress on environment |
|
|
r-selected resources
|
small, reach sexual maturation quickly, produce lots of offspring
|
|
|
K-selected resources
|
large, do not reach sexual maturity quickly, produce few offspring, invest much care
|
|
|
r/K selection theory
|
the selection of traits in organisms that allow success in particular environments
|
|
|
Generalized hunter-gatherers
|
use K-selected resource organisms
small, mobile group size limited accumulation of material culture, immediate consumption |
|
|
Specialized hunter-gatherers
|
hunt r-Selected resource organisms
larger, sedentary group much material culture, storage of food |
|
|
Bamiyan Buddhas
|
Afghanistan, ownership of the past, destroyed by Taliban in 2001
|
|
|
McDermott & McCoid
|
found Wollendorf Venus, hypothesize self-portrait
|
|
|
Carl Sauer
|
Jamestown, cultural geographer
|
