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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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New World Domesticates
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Maize, amaranth, beans, squash, tubers, tomatoes, peanuts, peppers, cacti, turkey |
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North American Periods
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Archaic - 9500-1000 BC Woodland - 1000 BC - 900 AD Mississippian - 900 - 1600 AD |
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Tehuacan Valley
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Earliest signs of Mesoamerican domestication
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Guila Naquitz & Guitarrero Cave
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Mound builders: when & where
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- Woodland & Mississippian periods - 1000 BC to contact - Southeast US |
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Archaic shell mounds of coastal GA
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4600-3200 BP - U shaped forms - Signs of feasting - Reason for existence unknown (trash or other?) - First pottery in GA came from this site |
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Poverty Point, Louisiana
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1650 - 1150 BC - 1 mile wide - Concentric earthen ridges (crescent shaped) - Largest city of its time - Mounds were NOT built over time here - Evidence of hearths on the ridges |
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Hopewell Tradition
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1 - 400 AD - Starts in Mid-OH - Hopewell Interaction Sphere - trade over vast distances - Mounds usually have generational burials with little evidence of social ranks - Earthen embankments seem to show "special" spaces |
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What is the significance of grave goods & long-distance trade items for Arch reconstruction of past relations?
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Mississippian Culture
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- Apex of US Socioeconomics - AD 900-1600 - Dependence on agriculture - Platform mounds - Ranked society - Monumental Architecture |
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Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
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Major Components |
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Cahokia
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550 - 650 AD - St. Louis, IL - 20k - 40k people - Chunkey Game - Mounds built over time during rise of chiefdoms - Ceremonial feasting - Separate large burial mounds (males & females buried together) |
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Moundville
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- Near Tuscaloosa, AL - 3000+ burials - 1/2 had few or no grave goods - 7 male burials had large mounds, lavish goods, sacrifices & a copper axe - Many were buried under their homes - Around 1300 AD residential homes moved outside of city's palisades |
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Etowah
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- Built on river with palisades & possible moat - Some had adjacent summer & winter homes |
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Hohokam
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500 - 1450 AD - South central Arizona - Archaeological region/term - not indicative of tribal areas - Likely called themselves O'odham |
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Anasazi
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550 - 1300 AD - 4 corners region - Ancestral Pueblo - Chacoan System |
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Snaketown
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Hohokam Society - Advanced and complex irrigation systems - Large ball court - Elaborate jewelry, shell art & copper bells used for personal adornment |
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Hohokam Irrigation
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- Very advanced - Required entire community participation to use and maintain. |
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Chaco Canyon
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850 - 1140 AD - Center of Chacoan regional trade system - Made of multiple sites along canyon river system - Made up of diverse groups of people - Extensive road systems that include stairs |
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Chacoan Outliers
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- Contemporary cities connected to Chaco trade - 125 sites connected by trade goods so far |
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Dendrochronology
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- Used to determine age of wood construction when tree rings are still visible. - Works best in drier climates |
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Casas Grandes (aka Paquimé)
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900 - 1400 AD - Largest Pueblo site |
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Shared Attributes of Mesoamericans
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Farming Calendrics Stepped Pyramids The Ball Game Codices & Paper Concepts of Sacrifice Sacred Earth |
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The Olmec
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1200 - 400 BC - Preclassic period - First Mesoamerican art style - Jade masterworks, were-jaguar icons, baby figurines - Stone head 'portraits' |
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San Lorenzo, Veracruz
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1200- 900 BC - First major Olmec Capital - Basalt drainage system around site center - over 20 artificial lagoons - Population decreases here as La Venta rises |
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La Venta, Tobasco
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- Second Olmec Capital - Intentional city layout - Earthen Pyramid - A top hill in coastal plains |
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Zapotecs
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Also called Oaxaca (wo-hock-uh)
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San Jose Magote
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1350 - 1150 BC - Zapotec - Earliest public buildings - See decline in private ceremony & rise in public - Capital of a chiefdom - Transitional urbanization site - Early evidence of human sacrifice in art |
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Monte Albán
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500 BC - 700 AD - Zapotec - Built on hill in center of valley - Danzantes left by early people - Later expansion documented on stone monuments |
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Toponyms |
Glyphs used for places such as City names
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Teotihuacan
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200 BC - 600 AD - Classic Period - Outside modern Mexico City - 100k - 200k people - Planned city with apartment compounds - Pyramids of the Sun & Moon, Temple of Feathered Serpent - No iconography of rulers - Lots of militaristic art - 260 day calendar |
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Mesoamerican Numeration and Calendrics
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- Base 20 system - Long count calendar - 260 day calendar used for divination - 365 day calendar - Calendar Round (52 year cycle) when 260 & 365 day calendars align - All days have a specific name |
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Major breakthroughs in Maya glyph decipherment |
Emblem glyph decipherment (city names)- 1958 - H. Berlin Historical nature of text determined - 1940's - 50's - T. Proskouriakoff Script is phonetic -1953 - Yuri Knorosov |
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Classic period Maya
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Location, natural setting, art & iconography, diving kingship, political organization, preclass origins (El Mirador)
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Mayan Great Centers
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Tikal Calakmul Palenque Copan |
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Mayan agricultural practices
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Swidden agriculture based on 3 sisters Later added irrigation, terracing & intercropping |
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Mayan "Collapse"
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When & where Theories of why Why do scholars not like the term "collapse" |
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Chichen Itza
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Cosmopolitan Maya city, long-distance trade (i.e. Toltecs) |
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Maya of the Caribbean Coast
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Founding of Tenochtitlan
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Aztec
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Templo Mayor (Great Temple) of Tenochtitlan
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Aztec Agriculture
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Chinampas & socialization
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Aztec tribute
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Cortes and Spanish Conquest
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Andes
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Environment: Vertical ecology Climate Zones: Potatoes in high arid areas Corn at lower elevations |
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El Paraiso, Caral
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Andean Early monumental architecture |
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Early Horizon
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Andean Northern Highlands: Chavín de Huántar |
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Nazca
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Uses of Geoglyphs
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Moche State & Sipán
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Corveé Labor – mit’a Nature of rulership as evidenced by iconography |
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Tiwanaku
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When & where
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Inca State
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Late Horizon How did they keep a large & ethnically diverse empire under control? |
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Cuzco
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Incan captial
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Machu Picchu
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Royal "vacation" palace
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Quipu
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Form of Incan writing using knotted cords Not yet deciphered |
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Spanish Conquest of Inca
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Pizarro. Captured emperor and used gain gold & silver. Killed emperor when no longer useful. |
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Transhumance
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pattern of regular seasonal movement be peoples |
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Kiva
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- Pueblo pit dwellings - generally laid out directionally and seasonally - typically a family gathering area |
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Division of Long Count Calendar
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5 Sections: K'in - 1 day Uinals - 20 days Tuns - 18 Uninals (365 days) Katuns - 20 Tuns (20 years) Baktuns - 20 Katuns (400 years) |
