Arch History A

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megaron

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a receiving hall

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basilica

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law court

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white temple and ziggurat

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modern Warka, Iraq; 3200-3000 BCE; Sumerian

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neolithic period

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when man went from hunting/gathering to making settlements

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cuneiform

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(begins 3000BCE)
had grammar and syntax; a type of writing used to tell a narrative

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pictograph

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(begins ca. 3400 BCE)
pictures used as language; standardized to tell a narrative

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bent-axis

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not a direct path to the entrance

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trilithon

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three members constructed together to form a unit

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post and lintel

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two vertical members that support a horizontal member

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trabeated architecture

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post and lintel architecture

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compressive strength

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using mass and gravity instead of mortar to secure a construction

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megalith

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HUGE stones; these were used at Stonehenge

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Mesopotamia

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the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is modern day Iran and Iraq, near the Jordan River

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schematic reconstruction drawing of Catal Huyuk

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Catal Huyuk, Turkey; c. 6000-5900 BCE; Neolithic Period

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Stonehenge

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Salisbury Plain, England; c 2550-1600 BCE; Neolithic Period

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Citadel and Palace of Sargon II

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Khorsbad, Iraq; 721-705 BEC; Assyrian

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Forum of Trajan

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Rome; Italy; dedicated 112 CE

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Roman Republic (

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509-27 BCE; Romans threw out Etruscan King and ruled themselves

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Roman Empire

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Begins 27 BCE first Roman Emporer Augustus

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Forum

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A civic and religous "heart of the city"

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Vitruvius

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Wrote the Ten Books of Architecture in the 1st Century BCE for the 1st Emperor (Augustus)

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Aptropaic

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something that wards of evil

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hypostyle hall

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hall filled with columns not necessarily for structural support

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Osiris

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the god of death, mummified w/ arms crossed is the guise of this god

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ziggurat

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isolated from other buildings
(early versions) elevate temple from the ground
acts as an axis mundi for the community religiously and politically
oriented to compass points

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mortuary temple

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initial preparations for burials done there

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Mastaba

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burial mounds for the dead, usually the wealthy
similar to ziggurats, but are tomb markers.
one chamber to prepare the body, and a chamber for a chapel

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hieroglyphs

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combination of pictures or shapes to tell a story. there is syntax

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axis mundi

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the center of the world. can be an element of a building or a site focal point for the community

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Upper Egypt

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Southern Egypt, since the Nile flows from the South to the North

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Lower Egypt

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Northern Egypt

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ben-ben

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gold cap that is at the apex of the pyramid acts as a beacon to the gods

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Gudea of Lagash

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(r. ca. 2100 BCE) neo-sumerian kings from Girsu.
Imported diorite (very expensive to import and carve) from Egypt. has plans of buildings his base explains that he's the king and which buildings he built.

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clerestory

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elevated area that allows light into an otherwise dark area

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Pyramids of Giza

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(left to right) Menkaure, c. 2490-2472 BCE, Khafre, c. 2520-2494 BCE, Khufu, c. 2551-2528 BCE); old kingdom

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Hypostyle Hall

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Temple of Amun; Karnak, Egypt; c. 1290 BCE; New Kingdom

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General View of Karnak

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(including temples of Amun and Khons); Karnak, Egypt; Begun 15th Century BCE; New Kingdom

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Mortuary Temple of Hatsheput

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Deir el-Bahri, Egypt; c. 1473-1458 BCE; New Kingdom

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Step Pyramid and Funerary Complex of King Zoser

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Saqqara, Egypt; c. 2750 BCE; Old Kingdom

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Entasis

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swelling of the column

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Peripteral

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single row of columns for the colonnade

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Peristyle

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external colonnade on all four sides of the temple

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Opisthodomos

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stores records, part of the temple

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cella

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main part of temple; statue housed here; main shrine room

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pronaos

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front porch of the temple

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Panathenaic Festival

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celebrates Athena's birthday

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Peloponnese

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In Greece, where the temples are located

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Naukratis

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settlement for Greeks to use while they were traveling; found large stone architecture it was significant because they didn't use large scale masonry

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Perikles

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(495-429 BCE)
was responsible for the commissioning of building the Parthenon

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"Landscape of Memories"

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the burned and ruined buildings from the Persian War and Xerxes.
Instead of rebuilding it they built a treasury on an island as part of a treaty

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Delian League

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(478, 454 BCE)
formed to protect money at the treasury. The Athenian King took it to rebuild the Acropolis

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Tumulus

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Earthen mound where people are buried

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Persian Wars

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(490; 479 BCE)
Persians made 1 attempt and failed.
tried again later and caused considerable damage (burned Acropolis down) but Athenians were able to overcome them

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Temple of Zeus

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Sanctuary of Zeus; Olympia, Greece; ca 460 BCE

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General View of the Acropolis

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Athens, Greece; 447-405 BCE; Classical Period

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Temple of Athena Parthenos

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Acropolis, Athens, Greece; 447-438/432 BCE; Classical Period

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Tomb of Phillip II

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Great Tumulus; Vergina, Greece; ca. 340-310 BCE; Hellenistic

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Cyclopean Masonry

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Because the Greeks believed that cyclopses lived there

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Tholos Tomb

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means circular tomb;"Beehive Tomb"; later on for the Mycaneaens; usually a round chamber where people were buried around the circumference

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Corbel Vault (arch)

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large stones and rocks stacked (took what they could find)
very good defensively because it was difficult for large numbers of enemies to pass through with their weapons

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Heinrich Schiemann

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Discovered arieal view of the citadel
married to sophia, whose father was high up in the ministry of culture
found home of a general
modern greeks liked him

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Arthur Evans

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Historian that looked for King Minos and the area
when he arrived it was debris and dirt

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Lion Gate

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Mycenae, Greece; Peloponnesian Peninsula, c. 1300-1250 BCE; Mycenaean

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Aerial View of Citadel

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Mycenae, Greece; Pelopnnesian Peninsula; c. 1600- 1250 BCE; Mycenaean

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Treasury of Atreus

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Mycenae, Greece; Peloponnesian Peninsula; c. 1300-1250 BCE; Mycenaean

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Palace of Knossos

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Crete; 1700-1400 BCE; Minoan

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Grave Circle A

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Citadel at Mycenae, Greece; c 1600 BCE; Mycenaean

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Metope

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space framed between triglyphs
usually had a carved relief part of the frieze

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Pediment

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part of temple above the stairs and columns

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insula

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an apartment building

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impluvium

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water collection area for daily water

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compluvium

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the opening above the impluvium

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Mount Vesuvius

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erupted and buried many cities including Pompeii

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domus

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house

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fauces

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the same as a foyer. an entry chamber

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atrium

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main receiving area

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cubiculum

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bedrooms/ guest rooms

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triclinium

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dining room (three couches hence tri)

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tablinium

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a status symbol; a home office (axis mundi for the house)

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peristyle courtyard

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open courtyard that provided light

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velarium

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awning

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House of the Vettii

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Pompeii, Italy; 2nd Century BCE and later