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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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German Expressionism
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Architecture = anti-rational and utopian…transparency and dynamism
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Dutch Expressionism
1.where? 2.Whatwas it like? |
1.“Wendigen” based in Amsterdam
2. Expressive structure, construction process-related and fantastic detail |
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What were 2 houses of Dutch Expressionism?
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- H. P. Berlage: Amsterdam Stock Exchange (1897-1903)
- Michael de Klerk: Eigen Haard Housing project (1913-21) |
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The De Stijl “The Style” Movement in Holland
Who? Mondrian and his dejistil ideas. |
- Theo Van Doesburg: intellectual leader of De Stijl Movement
-Oud and rietveld - Piet Mondrian: painter = reductionist abstraction w/ primary colors |
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The De Stijl “The Style” Movement in Holland
-describe the style |
- Architecture = universal, spatially unbounded, and technically modern
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The De Stijl “The Style”
-name 2 houses |
- J.J.P. Oud: Hook of Holland Housing project, Rotterdam (1924)
- Gerritt Rietveld: Schroeder House, Utrecht (1924) |
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Russian Constructivism (very influential in European Modernism)
-describe -this was "crushed" by |
Modern technology, expression of circulation and super graphics
- Movement crushed by Stalin and Soviet Neo-Classicism |
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Russian Constructivism
-name 2 buildings |
Vladimir Tatlin: Monument to 3rd International Congress (1919)
- Konstantin Melnikov: Worker’s Club, Moscow (1927-28) |
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Futurism
-______utopian movement -Describe |
-Italian
-Bold massing w/o ornament, expressive circulation, verticality |
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Futurism
-name 2 buildings |
- Antonio Saint’Elia: “Cite Nuova (New City) Exhibition” (1914)
- WW I Memorial, Como by G. Terragni |
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Italian Modernism (Italian Rationalism)
-describe |
- Reconciliation of neo-classicism and industrialization
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Italian Modernism (Italian Rationalism)
-Peoples and buildings |
- Giuseppe Terragni:
Apartment Buildings, Como Kindergarten School, Como Casa del Fascio (now Casa del Popolo), Como (1932-36) - Cities of Childhood |
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German Expressionism
-Peoples and buildings(4) |
- Hans Polzeig: Water Tower at Posen (1911)
- Bruno Taut: Glass Pavilion at Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne (1914) - Rudolf Steiner: Goetheanum (1928), Utopian Community, Dornach - Erich Mendelsohn: Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1920-21) |
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Henri Van de Velde
-established________ -rejected______ -Logical use of_______ -name 1 building |
- Established Weimer School of Applied Arts (1905)
- Rejected both classical and natural ornament - Logical use of materials and rational shapes - Werkbund Cologne Exposition 1914: concrete theater |
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Werkbund Cologne Exposition
-when? -what? |
1914: Model Factory Prototype
- Hypothetical manufacturing plant with attached office block - Rooftop recreation facility influenced by FLW - Use of glass curtain wall & transparency to expose circulation - Formal axial symmetry link office and manufacturing buildings |
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Gropius combines School of Applied Arts & Art Academy at Weimer
to create The Bauhaus school for design |
The Bauhaus “House of Building” at Weimer by gropius
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Education combined art/design and craft workshops
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The Bauhaus “House of Building” at Weimer by gropius
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Design taught as an abstract discipline…often by abstract painters
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The Bauhaus “House of Building” at Weimer by gropius
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- Art/design and craftsmanship to shape industrial production
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The Bauhaus “House of Building” at Weimer by gropius
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Conflicts between faculty/students and conservative community
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The Bauhaus “House of Building” at Weimer by gropius
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Bauhaus interiors created in school workshops
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new Bauhaus at Desseau designed by Gropius
-style bauhaus |
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Asymmetrical building design w/ expression of different functions
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new Bauhaus at Desseau designed by Gropius
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Use of freestanding curtain wall and reinforced concrete frame
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new Bauhaus at Desseau designed by Gropius
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Architectural design added to curriculum
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new Bauhaus at Desseau designed by Gropius
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Son of a stonemason – practical experience in building
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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Worked for furniture designer Bruno Paul & Peter Behrens (1908-11)
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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) Unbuilt early projects:
- Friedrichstrasse Office Tower (1911) - Glass skyscraper (1920-21) - Concrete office block (1922) - Brick country house (1923) |
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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Deutscher Werkbund project: exhibit was building and furnishings
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German Pavilion at the Barcelona International Exposition (1929)
aka “The Barcelona Pavilion”: landmark building in Modernism |
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Expressed German quality materials and craftsmanship
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German Pavilion at the Barcelona International Exposition (1929)
aka “The Barcelona Pavilion”: landmark building in Modernism |
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- Structure and enclosure systems independent but both are ordered by
orthagonal geometry |
“The Barcelona Pavilion”
by Mies Van der Rohe |
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Barcelona Chairs designed by Mies
- Reconstruction exists in Barcelona today |
“The Barcelona Pavilion”
by Mies Van der Rohe |
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Who? “The Barcelona Pavilion”
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Mies Van der Rohe
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Extension of Barcelona Pavilion ideas
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Tugendhat House
by Mies Van der Rohe |
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Open plan with hybrid structure of walls and freestanding columns
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Tugendhat House
by Mies Van der Rohe |
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- Transparent envelope unites interior and exterior
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Tugendhat House
by Mies Van der Rohe |
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Tugendhat House
-Who? -Where? |
Mies Van der Rohe
Brno, Czech Republic (1930) |
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Deutscher Werkbund project w/ Mies as director and master planner
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The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
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Included 33 new housing buildings by 16 leading Modernist architects
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The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
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Mies designed 4 story apartment block that anchors the exhibit
- Gropius designs two SF houses using pre-fabricated components - Le Corbusier designs a SF house (concrete) and a duplex (steel frame) |
The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
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Architects included Peter Behrens, Hans Poelzig, Bruno Taut, J.J.P.
Oud and others |
The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
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Rational and functional design dominates architecture
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The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
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horizontal strip windows, industrial
pipe railings, flat roofs, open plans, consistent use of white surfaces,= aesthetic of Modernism |
The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
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Political backlash from conservatives and Nazi regime: buildings seen
as foreign to German tradition, caricatured as Arab buildings (racism) |
The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
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The Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart
-Who was in charge? |
Deutscher Werkbund project w/ Mies as director and master planner
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Raised in rural Wisconsin w/ little formal professional education
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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Worked for Louis Sullivan
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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Built his own house and studio in Oak Park
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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Fired for “moonlighting”: designing houses on his own in Oak Park
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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Developed Prairie Style stressing horizontality & spatial flow
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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Use of “organic ornament” derived from Sullivan
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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for Adler and Sullivan office
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Charnley House, Chicago
by FLWright |
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- Compact form with central hearth
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Winslow House, River Forrest
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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- Strong horizontal emphasis on exterior
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Winslow House, River Forrest
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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FLW first independent commission
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Winslow House, River Forrest
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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new spatial openness in public areas
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Willits House, Highland Park
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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Extended cruciform plan w/ extended arms
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Willits House, Highland Park
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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- Designed interior furnishings, fixtures, lights, & clothes)
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Robie House, Chicago
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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Extended cantilever roofs reinforce space and horizontality
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Robie House, Chicago
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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celebrated “Prairie House Style”
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Robie House, Chicago
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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- Interior skylite atrium for clerical workforce
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Larkin Building, Buffalo
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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- Recreation facilities on roof
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Larkin Building, Buffalo
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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Designed furnishings (filing cabinets designed into partitions)
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Larkin Building, Buffalo
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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Mechanical ventilation very innovative
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Larkin Building, Buffalo
-Frank lloyd Wright |
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FLW-vertical tower office building
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Larkin Building, Buffalo
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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- Reinforced concrete construction expressed on exterior
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Unity Temple, Oak Park
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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- Inward focus to avoid exterior noise…extraordinary use of light
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Unity Temple, Oak Park
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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FLW-Unitarian-Universalist church
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Unity Temple, Oak Park
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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In 1909 _____ abandoned family and went to Europe with client’s wife
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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- Established FLW’s reputation and influence in Europe
- Influence in USA less significant & focused on personal life |
The Wasmuth Portfolios
(1910 & 1911) published in Berlin |
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- Innovative “floating structure”
- Survived the Great Earthquake of 1923 |
The Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan
by Frank Lloyd Wright |
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Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin (begun 1925)
Who? |
Frank Lloyd Wright
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- Ecclecticism
---when? |
Late 19th Century
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- Richard Morris Hunt and H.H. Richardson
---when? |
Late 19th Century
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McKim, Mead and White: the Shingle Style & Academic Classicism
---when? |
Late 19th Century
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The Chicago School
---when? |
Late 19th Century
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World’s Columbian Exhibition, Chicago (1893) “The White City”
---when? |
Late 19th Century
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Daniel Burnham: The Fuller (“Flat Iron”) Building, NYC (1902)
---when? |
Late 19th Century
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- First Church of Christian Scientists, Berkeley (1910-12)
---who? |
Bernard Maybeck
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- Panama-Pacific Exposition Rotunda aka Palace of Fine Arts (1914)
---who? |
Bernard Maybeck
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- Gamble House, Pasadena (1908-09)
---who? |
Greene & Greene
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Dodge House, Los Angeles
---who? |
Irving Gill
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Woolworth Building, NYC (1913) “Woolworth Gothic”
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Cass Gilbert
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- Nebraska State Capitol, Lincoln
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Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue
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Won by Raymond Hood with Gothic Skyscrapper
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The Chicago Tribune Building Competition (1922)
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- $100,000 prize drew many international entries: Walter Gropius
(International Style Tower), Adolph Loos (giant classical column), Eliel Saarinen (2nd prize), many others |
The Chicago Tribune Building Competition (1922)
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- The Craftsman Bungalow Style
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Vernacular Traditions
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- California Mission Style
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Vernacular Traditions
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- Mediterranean Revival (Florida)
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Vernacular Traditions
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Design idiom for decorative arts, graphics, furniture, & architecture
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Art Deco (began 1910 in Europe, lasted thru 1940s in USA)
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Many variations: l’art Moderne and Streamline Art Deco are examples
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Art Deco (began 1910 in Europe, lasted thru 1940s in USA)
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Eclectic inspiration from Cubist art to ancient civilizations
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Art Deco (began 1910 in Europe, lasted thru 1940s in USA)
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Decorative motifs using geometry and abstraction of natural forms
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Art Deco (began 1910 in Europe, lasted thru 1940s in USA)
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Use of stylized, idealized, heroic human figures in sculpture & murals
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Art Deco (began 1910 in Europe, lasted thru 1940s in USA)
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Streamline ________ reflects movement, ships and mechanization
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Art Deco (began 1910 in Europe, lasted thru 1940s in USA)
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replaced historicism in highrise buildings in USA
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Art Deco (began 1910 in Europe, lasted thru 1940s in USA)
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Clash with Modern reductivist, mass-production aesthetic (Corbusier)
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Exposition des Arts Decoratifs, Paris (1925)
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Chrysler Building, NYC
---who? |
William Van Alen
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Rockefeller Center, NYC
---who? ---style? |
Reinhard & Hoffmeister, Hood,
Corbett, Fouiloux, and others Art Deco |
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Empire State Building, NYC
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Shreve, Lamb & Harmon
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Publication of The International Style: Architecture Since 1922
---who? |
by Henry Russell Hitchcock & Philip Johnson
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Exhibit of Modern Architecture
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Museum of Modern Art, NYC
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Museum of Modern Art, NYC
---who? |
Edward Durrell Stone & Philip Goodwin architects
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Austrian architect émigré to USA
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Rudolph Schindler (1887-1953
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Influenced by Otto Wagner in Vienna
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Rudolph Schindler (1887-1953
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Worked for Frank Lloyd Wright
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Rudolph Schindler (1887-1953
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relocated to Los Angeles
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Rudolph Schindler (1887-1953
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Lovell Beach House (1926)
---who? |
Rudolph Schindler (1887-1953
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Philadelphia Savings Fund Society Building, Philadelphia
--who? |
William Lescaze & George Howe architects
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Philadelphia Savings Fund Society Building, Philadelphia
=-what? |
First International Style skyscraper
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- Inluenced by Adolph Loos and Otto Wagner in Vienna
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Richard Neutra (1892-) Austrian architect émigré to USA
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Associated with Erich Mendelsohn (1922)
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Richard Neutra (1892-) Austrian architect émigré to USA
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Emigrated to USA 1923 & worked for FLW & Holabird & Roche
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Richard Neutra (1892-) Austrian architect émigré to USA
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Relocated to Los Angeles 1926 & worked for Rudolph Schindler
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Richard Neutra (1892-) Austrian architect émigré to USA
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Lovell House, Los Angeles (1927-29)
---who? |
Richard Neutra (1892-) Austrian architect émigré to USA
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International Style desert houses (1940s and 50s)
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Richard Neutra (1892-) Austrian architect émigré to USA
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Influence of AEG Turbine Factory by Behrens (1909)
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Fagus Shoe-Last Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine (1911)
by Walter Gropius |
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Glass curtain wall w/ exposed steel structure and flat roof = prototype
of the “International Style” |
Fagus Shoe-Last Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine (1911)
by Walter Gropius |
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Trained at the Helsinki Polytechnic Institute
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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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Early work influenced by Deutscher Werkbund (International Style)
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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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adds functional expression to Finnish architecture
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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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Response to site context (contours and orientation) significant
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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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Celebration of natural light (Finland experiences dark winters)
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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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- Careful attention to functional detail…buildings very humane
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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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Use of local materials (wood the vernacular tradition in Finland)
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Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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Design of furniture and furnishings (famous for bent wood chairs)
(03) Municipal Library, Viipuri (1927, built 1930-35) |
Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)
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Classical and modern
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Municipal Library,Viipuri
Alvar Aalto (1898-1976) |
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- International Style…international recognition
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Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Paimio (1929-33)
aalto |
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- Romantic assemblage of basic geometries
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Cellulose Factory, Sunila (1936-39)
--aalto |
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- Curving form along Charles River provides views up and down river
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Baker House at MIT, Cambridge, Mass. (1947-49)
Aalto |
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- Fusion of building and landscape
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Town Hall, Saynatsalo (1951-52)
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- Form and light
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Finland Technical University Otaniemi, Helsinki (1962-64)
by Alvaro Aalto |
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- Light
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-Church of the Three Crosses, Imatra (1957-59)
-Chiesa di Riola, Riola, Italy near Bologna (1966-78) -Library, Mount Angel Seminary, Oregon -alvar aalto |
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Town Hall, Saynatsalo
---who? |
Alvar Aalto-European Regionalism
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Baker House at MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
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Alvar Aalto-European Regionalism
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Romanticism linked to vernacular traditions
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Early 20th Century in Finland
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Nordic version of stripped down Neo-Classicisim
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Early 20th Century in Finland
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Seeking to develop a national (regional) identity for Finland
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Early 20th Century in Finland
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Polemics and propaganda
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Vers una architecture
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Industrial mass production and quality design
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The Birth of Modernism and the “War of Words
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Utopian values rooted in rationality, economy and function
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The Birth of Modernism and the “War of Words
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Visceral dislike of cultural historicism (carnage of WW I) fosters a
rejection of “ornament” and cultural traditions in architecture |
The Birth of Modernism and the “War of Words
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Vienna R.R. stations & Postal Savings Bank
---who? ---style? |
Otto Wagner
The Vienna Secession Movement (a branch of Art Nouveau)) |
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The Secession Hall, Vienna (1898-99)
---who? ---style? |
Josef Maria Olbrich
The Vienna Secession Movement (a branch of Art Nouveau)) |
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Worked & traveled in USA (1893-96) exposed to Chicago School
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Adolf Loos (1870-1933) Austria
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Ornament and Crime (1908) ornament is primitive and degenerate
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Adolf Loos (1870-1933) Austria
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The “Raumplan”: spatial composition open, rich material pallete
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Adolf Loos (1870-1933) Austria
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Steiner House (1910) Vienna
---who? ---style? |
Adolf Loos (1870-1933) Austria
possibly modernism |
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Michaelplatz Store,
---who? ---style? |
Adolf Loos (1870-1933) Austria
possibly modernism |
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Wedding Tower (1905-08)
---who? ---style? |
Olbrich
possibly modernism |
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Housing @ Artist’s Colony at Darmstadt, Germany (Grand Duke of Hesse)
---who?(2) |
Olbrich (1900) and Peter Behrens (1901)
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- Office trained many modernist: Gropius, Meyer, Corbusier, Mies
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Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
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- AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909)
---who? |
Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
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- Head of Design for graphics, products and buildings (1907-)
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Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
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- AEG, General Electric Company, Berlin
---who was in charge? |
Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
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“German Products Association”
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The Deutscher Werkbund
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The Deutscher Werkbund “German Products Association”
---who starts? |
Herman Muthesius: 1896 studied English design & manufacturing
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1907--founded to promote German manufacturing quality - Aesthetic and manufacturing quality necessary
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The Deutscher Werkbund “German Products Association”
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Model Factory @ Werkbund Exposition 1914, Cologne, Germany
---who? |
Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer
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Machine Hall @ Werkbund Exposition 1914, Cologne, Germany
---who? |
Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer
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Austrian Pavilion @ Werkbund Exposition 1914, Cologne, Germany
---who? |
Josef Hoffman
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Theater @ Werkbund Exposition 1914, Cologne, Germany
---who? |
Henri van der Velde
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Glass Pavilion @ Werkbund Exposition 1914, Cologne, Germany
---who? |
Bruno Taut
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Goetheanum (1928), Utopian Community, Dornach
---who? |
Rudolf Steiner:
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS: EARLY MODERN MOVEMENTS |
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Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1920-21)
---who? |
Erich Mendelsohn
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS: EARLY MODERN MOVEMENTS |
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Water Tower at Posen
---who? |
Hans Polzeig
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS: EARLY MODERN MOVEMENTS |
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- “Truth alone is beautiful”.
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Tony Garnier (1869-1948)
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- Began to reject classical design as an historical “error
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Tony Garnier (1869-1948)
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Won Grand Prix de Rome prize (1899) at the Ecole de Beaux Arts
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Tony Garnier (1869-1948)
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Functional city planning with zoning of activities in orderly grids
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La Citte’ Industrielle (The Industrial City) published 1917
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- - Unadorned concrete construction of SF detached residences
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La Citte’ Industrielle (The Industrial City) published 1917
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- Light, air, ventilation, greenspace = healthy environment
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La Citte’ Industrielle (The Industrial City) published 1917
-by tony garnier |
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- Envelope varied for local context
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Dom-ino House System (1914)
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- Concrete slab and column and stair infrastructure
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Dom-ino House System (1914)
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House as affordable as a Citroen car
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Citrohan House (1922)
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- Reinforced concrete elevated above the ground on piers (pilotis)
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Citrohan House (1922)
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Citrohan House (1922)
---who? |
Le Corbusier
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Villa Savoye (1929-31) Poissy outside Paris
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Le Corbusier
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Swiss Pavilion Maison Suisse (1928) Paris
---who? ---what? |
Le Corbusier
Cite’ Universitaire: dormitory for Swiss students |
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Beauty of simple functional industrial buildings and machines
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Vers une architecture
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House is a machine for living
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Vers une architecture
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- Born and attended art school in Swiss town of La Chaux-de-Fonds
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LE CORBUSIER
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- Advocated functional design based on machine aesthetics
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LE CORBUSIER
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- Advocated regulating lines & the “Golden Section” proportions
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LE CORBUSIER
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- Always and artist and an architect
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LE CORBUSIER
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- Founded magazine L’Esprit nouveau (The New Spirit) in 1920
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LE CORBUSIER
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- Moved to Paris in 1916 and adopted pseudonym Le Corbusier
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LE CORBUSIER
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- First architectural designs in Swiss home area
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LE CORBUSIER
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- Architectural education: Auguste Perret (concrete) & Peter Behrens
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LE CORBUSIER
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LE CORBUSIER-what was his real name?
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Charles Edouard Jeanneret
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