Arborvirus + Zoonotic Viruses

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RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, transmitted by arthropods from vertebrates to humans

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Arboviruses

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enveloped, +ssRNA; EEE, WEE, VEE, Chikungunya

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Togaviridae (alphavirus)

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enveloped, +ssRNA; SLE, WNV, JE, Dengue, yellow fever, powassan fever

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Flaviviridae

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enveloped, -ssRNA; california encephalitis complex, La Crosse

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Bunyaviridae

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Double capsid, naked, dsRNA; colorado tick fever

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Reoviridae (coltivirus)

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enveloped, -ssRNA; Marburg, Ebola

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Filoviridae

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enveloped, +ssRNA, 2 glycoproteins, transmitted by mosquitos

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togaviridae

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encephalitis, severe illness with high mortality in children, also affects seniors, severe neurological sequelae; rare, spread across north america

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eastern equine encephalitis (EEE); alphavirus

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milder encephalitis, common to rural western US, affects infants and children but usually have a complete recovery

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Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE); alphavirus

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mild systemic encephalitis, Central/south america; infects mainly horses

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Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE), an alphavirus

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flu-like symptoms with severe joint pain, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, common to india/asia; fatality rare

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Chikungunya; an alphavirus

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enveloped +ssRNA, small, one envelope gylcoprotein

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flavivirus

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moderately severe encephalitis; from wild birds to humans via Culex mosquito; found in TX,FL,MS; people older than 40

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St. Louis Encephalitis; a flavivirus

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severe encephalitis; culex mosquitoes; wild birds to humans/horses; worldwide; usually asymptomatic; if infected, can have sequelae 1 year post-infection

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West Nile Virus; a flavivirus

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sudden onset of mild or high fever; frontal headache, myalgias; Culex mosquito bite

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west nile fever

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focal necrotic neurons and inflammation of brain

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west nile neuroinvasive disease

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Dx of viral encephalitis:

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80% undiagnosed; either isolate brain tissue or detect IgM antibodies

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transmission of dengue

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mosquito bite, virus replicates in target organs, then infects WBCs/lymph tissue, and released into blood

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mild systemicdisease, Aedes mosquito, flu-like, nausea/vomiting; rash on elbows, knees and chest that spreads to extremities

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Classic Dengue (flavivirus)

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Hemorrhagic Dengue fever pathogenesis

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A 2nd attack with a different serotype causes huge Ab production but cannot neutralize virus; damages vessels; get petechiae, hepatic necrosis, DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

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Africa/south america; fever, headache, myalgias, photophobia; jaundice; proteinuria and black "coffee-grounds" vomit

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Yellow fever (flavivirus)

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Dx of Dengue/yellow fever

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Serology with IgM

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Tx of dengue/yellow fever

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supportive therapy though there is a vaccine for yellow fever

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naked, double capsid, dsRNA, replicates in cytoplasm

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Reoviridae --> coltivirus --> colorado tick fever

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mild form of dengue-like fever, retro-orbital pain; transmitted by a tick from squirrel; in Rocky mountain areas; common in campers/hikers

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Colorado tick fever (coltivirus)

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-ssRNA, no matrix proteins, found in cali + north central states

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california encephalitis complex (bunyaviridae)

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abrupt fever, 5-18 y/o; encephalitis, lasts 7 days

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California encephalitis complex; bunyaviridae

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encephalitis w/ seizures; milder/subclinical; children under 16 y/o; mosquito from squirrels; playing in woodlands

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La Crosse Encephalitis; bunyaviridae

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zoonotics acquired from rodents by enhaling virus from rat pee or poo

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robovirus

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bunyaviridae that is a robovirus

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hantavirus

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hemorrhagic fever with acute renal failure

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Korean HF due to hantavirus

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ARDS found in four corners area

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Sin Nombre virus (hantavirus)

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Prodrome febrile phase followed with damage to capillaries in the lungs

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ARDS or Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

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Dx of hantavirus

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can be detected in urine if tested early on; otherwise culture blood or do PCR

Front 35

spherical enveloped virus with 2 pieces of ambisense ssRNA; sandy appearance

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Arenavirus

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subacute choriomeningitis, 2 week incubation period, non-specific illness persists for 3 months; CSF w/ lymphocytes; contact with rodents

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Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (arenavirus)

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Insidious onset of non-specific symptoms, hemorrhagic manifestations, acute deafness, West africa; rodents; no damage to CNS

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Lassa fever (arenavirus)

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Dx of Lassa fever

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IgM with EIA; recent travel to west africa

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filamentous, enveloped, -ssRNA; central/east africa; person to person transmission

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Filoviridae

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African Green Monkeys

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Marburg Virus

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highly effective replication, extensive necrosis in liver,spleen,lymph nodes and lungs; severe thrombocytopenia

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Marburg + Ebola; filovirus

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short 4-6 day incubation, very severe form of hemorrhagic fevere

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ebola,marbur --> filovirus

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Dx of filovirus

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travel to East africa and clinical